A Gregorian kalandar bambanta daga Julian. Julian kalanda a Rasha

Ga dukan mu kalanda ne da aka saba abu, kuma ko da talakawa. Wannan tsoho mutum firtsi kama kwanaki, lambobi, watanni, yanayi, da mita da na halitta mamaki, wadda ake bisa wani tsarin da motsi na samaniya jikinsu: watã, rana, da taurari. Duniya suka kai samame ta cikin hasken rana madawwama biyu, bar baya da shekaru da karnoni.

Lunar kalanda

Ga Duniya da ke sa daya cikakken juyin juya halin kusa ta axis wata rana. Domin a shekara ta ke da sau daya a kusa da rana. Solar ko astronomical shekara yana ɗari uku da sittin da biyar kwanaki biyar hours da arba'in da takwas da minti arba'in da shida seconds. Saboda haka, dukan yawan rana ba ya wanzu. Saboda haka wahala a jawo sama a daidai kalandar ga daidai lokaci.

A zamanin d Romawa, Helenawa amfani da m da kuma sauki kalanda. Tarurrukan na Moon na faruwa a kowane kwana 30, ya zama daidai, a ashirin da tara kwanaki karfe goma sha biyu da kuma 44 da minti. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa count na kwanaki, watanni sa'an nan za a iya kore ta canje-canje na da watã.

A farko a cikin wannan kalanda da goma watanni, wanda aka mai suna bayan Roman alloli. Daga cikin na uku karni kafin haihuwar Kristi a cikin tarihin duniya amfani da misalin bisa hudu-shekara Lunar-hasken rana sake zagayowar, wanda ya ba da kuskure a cikin darajar da hasken rana shekara a kan wannan rana.

A Misira, amfani da hasken rana kalanda, kõma sama a kan tushen da lura na Sun kuma Shi'ira. Shekara shi ne ɗari uku da sittin da biyar kwana. Yana kunshi watanni goma sha biyu na kwana talatin. Kamar yadda ya kara da cewa bayan wata kara da kwanaki biyar. An tsara yadda "girmama na haihuwa na alloli."

A tarihin Julian kalandar

Bugu da ari canje-canje ya faru a cikin arba'in da shida BC. e. Roman Sarkin sarakuna Yuliy Tsezar a Masar juna gabatar da Julian kalanda. Yana da aka soma da hasken rana shekara don darajar da shekara, wanda shi ne dan kadan fiye da ilmin taurari da kuma ya ɗari uku da sittin da biyar kwana da shida hours. A farko na Janairu da aka farkon na shekara. Kirsimeti bisa ga Julian kalandar fara yi tasbĩhi game da bakwai na watan Janairu. Saboda haka akwai wani miƙa mulki ga sabon letoischeslenie.

A godiya ga gyara daga cikin majalisar dattijai na Roma sake masa suna cikin watan Kvintilis lokacin da Kaisar aka haife su Julius (yanzu Yuli). A shekara daga baya, da Sarkin sarakuna da aka kashe, da kuma Roman firistoci ko dai daga jahilci, ko kuma da ganganci fara sake rikita kalanda da kuma fara sanar da kowane mai zuwa shekara ta uku ta wani tsalle shekara. A sakamakon haka, da arba'in da huɗu zuwa shekara ta tara ta BC. e. maimakon tara da goma sha biyu tsalle shekaru da aka sanar.

Tsira da Sarkin sarakuna Oktivian watan Agusta. A nasa umarni, tsalle shekaru ba a cikin gaba shekara goma sha shida, da kuma kalandar launi aka mayar da. A masa mutunci Sekstilis watan da aka sake masa suna Augustus (Agusta).

Domin da Orthodox Church yana da matukar muhimmanci simultaneity addini holidays. A ranar Easter da aka tattauna a farko Ecumenical Council, da kuma batun ya zama daya daga cikin manyan. Shigar a wannan majalisar mulki m lissafi na bikin ba za a iya canza a karkashin zafi na zamani haramun.

Gregorian kalandar

The shugaban cocin Katolika, Paparoma Gregory goma sha uku a 1582 amince da bullo da wani sabon kalanda. Ya aka kira "Gregorian". Zai ze cewa duk abin da mai kyau ya kasance da Julian kalanda, bisa ga abin Turai rayu a kan goma sha shida ƙarni. Duk da haka, Gregory goma sha uku dauke da cewa gyara zama dole domin sanin wani mafi daidai ranar Easter, kazalika da rana na vernal equinox ya koma zuwa ashirin-farko na Maris.

A 1583 da majalisar ta Eastern ayyana kabila a Konstantinoful Allah wadai da tallafi na Gregorian kalanda, wannan ya saba da liturgical sake zagayowar da kuma tambayar da canons na Ecumenical majalisa. Lalle ne, a cikin wasu shekaru, wannan ya saba wa asalin doka na bikin Easter. Sai ya faru da cewa Katolika Easter Lahadi dama a kan lokaci kafin Easter, Yahudawa, da kuma cewa canons na coci ba a yarda.

Chronology a Rasha

A kasar mu, fara daga karni na goma, da Sabuwar Shekara aka yi bikin farko na Maris. Bayan biyar ƙarni, a 1492, Rasha koma farkon na shekara, bisa ga coci al'ada, a kan na farko na Satumba. Wannan ya tafi a kan ga a kan ɗari biyu da shekaru.

dubu bakwai da ɗari biyu da goma sha tara Disamba takwas ta sarautar sarki Bitrus I bayar da umarni da cewa Julian kalanda a Rasha samu daga Rum tare da baftisma, har yanzu a cikin karfi. Na canza ranar farkon shekara. An amince a kasar. Sabuwar Shekara bisa ga Julian kalanda da shi ya yi bikin ranar farko ta watan Janairu, "da haihuwar Yesu Kristi."

Bayan juyin juya hali, ta goma sha huɗu na Fabrairu dubu ɗari tara da goma sha takwas shekara, sabon dokoki da aka gabatar a cikin kasar. A Gregorian kalandar mulki a cikin kowane quatercentenary uku tsalle shekaru. Wannan shi ya fara tsaya.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin Julian da Gregorian kalandarku? Bambanci tsakanin a kirga tsalle shekaru. A tsawon lokaci, yana ƙaruwa. Idan a karni na sha shida, shi ne kwanaki goma, a na goma sha bakwai da shi ya karu zuwa goma sha, a cikin karni na sha takwas da shi ya riga ya daidaita kwana goma sha biyu, guda goma sha uku a cikin ashirin da ashirin da farko ƙarni, da kuma ashirin da biyu karni wannan adadi zai kai kwana goma sha huɗu.

Rasha Orthodox Church amfani da Julian kalanda, wadannan yanke shawara na Ecumenical majalisa, kuma Katolika - Gregorian.

Daya iya ji sau da yawa tambaya na sa dukan duniya ne bikin Kirsimeti ashirin da biyar na Disamba, kuma mun - bakwai daga watan Janairu. Amsar ne quite shakka. Rasha Orthodox Church murna Kirsimeti bisa ga Julian kalanda. Wannan kuma ya shafi wasu manyan addini holidays.

Yau, da Julian kalanda a Rasha da ake kira "haihuwa style". A halin yanzu, da ikon yinsa ne mai iyaka. Su ne wasu daga cikin Orthodox Church - da Serbian, Jojiyanci, Urushalima da Rasha. Bugu da kari, da Julian kalanda a yi amfani da wasu Orthodox gidajen lama a Turai da kuma Amurka.

A Gregorian kalanda a Rasha

A kasar, da batun na kalandar garambawul an tashe shi akai-akai. A 1830, shi ya sa Rasha Academy of Sciences. Prince KA Lieven, wanda ya sa'an Ministan Ilimi, dauke da shawara untimely. Kawai bayan juyin juya hali, da tambaya da aka sa zuwa wani taro na jama'ar kasar Commissars na Rasha Federation. Riga Janairu 24 Rasha soma da Gregorian kalanda.

Features na miƙa mulki ga Gregorian kalandar

Orthodox Kiristoci bullo da wani sabon salon na ikon tsĩrar da wasu matsaloli. A Sabuwar Shekara aka biya diyya a isowa, a lokacin da wani fun ba maraba. Haka kuma, a ranar 1 ga Janairu - da ranar tunawa da St. Boniface, majiɓinci, kowa fata ba up sha, da kuma kasar mu na murna da wannan rana tare da gilashin a hannunsa.

Gregorian da Julian kalanda: bambance-bambance da kuma kamance

Duka su kunshi ɗari uku da sittin da biyar kwana a cikin wani al'ada shekara, da ɗari uku da sittin da shida a wani tsalle shekara, da watanni 12, wanda 4 zuwa kwanaki 30, ko kuma 7 ga 31 days, Fabrairu - ko dai 28 ko 29. The kawai bambancin da yake a cikin aukuwar tsalle shekaru.

Julian kalandar tsalle shekara na faruwa a kowane shekaru uku. A wannan yanayin, shi dai itace cewa da kalanda shekara ne fiye da wani astronomical 11 minutes. A wasu kalmomin, bayan shekaru 128 akwai wani karin rana. Gregorian kalanda kuma gane cewa shekara ta huɗu ne tsalle shekara. A ware ne shekaru da suke da sau 100, kazalika kamar yadda waɗanda suke cewa za a iya raba ta 400. Saboda wannan dalili, da karin rana bayyana ne kawai bayan 3200 shekaru.

Abin da jiran mu a nan gaba

Ba kamar da Gregorian, Julian kalandar sauki ga letoischesleniya, amma shi ne gaba da astronomical shekara. Yana zama tushen na farko da na biyu. Bisa ga Orthodox Church, da Gregorian kalandar warware da oda na da yawa Littafi Mai Tsarki events.

Saboda gaskiya cewa Julian da Gregorian kalandarku da lokaci kara bambanci a cikin kwanakin, da Orthodox majami'u da cewa amfani da farko na su za bikin Kirsimeti tare da 2101 ba Janairu 7, kamar yadda ke faruwa a yanzu, da na takwas Janairu, kuma da dubu tara ɗari tara da farko shekara, cikin bikin zai faru ga na takwas na Maris. A liturgical kalanda, da ranar za ta ci gaba da saduwa da ashirin da biyar na Disamba.

A} asashen da farkon karni na ashirin, da Julian kalanda da aka yi amfani da, misali a kasar Girka, da kwanakin da duk abubuwan tarihin da cewa ya faru bayan Oktoba goma sha biyar dubu da ɗari biyar da tamanin shekara ta biyu, nominally alama a wannan lambobi a lokacin da suka faru.

Sakamakon na kalandar kwaskwarima

A halin yanzu, da Gregorian kalandar ne m isa. A cewar kwararru da yawa, shi ba ya bukatar a canza, amma tambaya da ta garambawul da aka tattauna domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata. A wannan yanayin da muke ba su magana game da bullo da wani sabon kalanda, ko da wani sabon hanyoyin da lissafin kudi don tsalle shekaru. Shi ne game da regrouping kwanaki a shekara don haka da cewa farkon kowane shekara, ya ragu daga rana daya, misali a ranar Lahadi.

Yau kalandar watanni daga asusun for 28 zuwa 31 kwanaki, da tsawon da block jeri daga casa'in zuwa casa'in da biyu kwanaki, wanda shi ne ya fi guntu fiye da na farko da rabi na biyu na 3-4 kwanaki. Wannan dagula aiki na kudi da kuma shiryawa hukumomi.

Mene ne sabon ayyukan kalandarku

A karshe ɗari da sittin da shekaru, da yawa ayyukan. A shekarar 1923, kwamitin yin gyare-gyare na kalandar karkashin League of Nations da aka kafa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, al'amarin da aka kira da tattalin arziki da al'ummar kwamitin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Duk da cewa da yawa daga gare su, baicin aka bai biyu zabin - a 13-wata kalanda na Faransa Falsafa Auguste Comte da kuma ba da shawara na falakin daga Faransa G. Armelina.

A farko version wata ko da yaushe fara ranar Lahadi, kuma ƙare a ranar Asabar. A cikin shekara na rana daya ba ta da sunan kuma an saka a karshen na karshe goma sha uku watanni. A wani tsalle shekara wannan rana ya zo a cikin watan shida. A cewar masana, wannan kalanda yana da yawan gagarumin disadvantages, don haka mafi hankali ne ya biya zuwa aikin da Gustave Armelina, bisa ga abin, a shekara ta ƙunshi watanni goma sha biyu ko hudu bariki na tasa'in da rana daya.

A cikin watan farko na kwata talatin da daya kwana, a cikin gaba biyu - talatin. A ranar farko ta kowane kwata na shekara da kuma fara ranar Lahadi, kuma ƙare a ranar Asabar. A wani hali shekara, wani karin rana aka kara bayan da talatin na Disamba, kuma a wani tsalle - bayan 30 ga watan Yuni. Wannan aikin da aka amince da Faransa, India, Tarayyar Soviet, {asar Yugoslavia, da kuma wasu sauran ƙasashe. Na dogon lokaci, da babban taron majalisar ya yi jinkiri da amincewar aikin, kuma mafi kwanan nan, da aikin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya gushe.

Ko Rasha za su koma zuwa ga "haihuwa style"

Baƙi ne quite wuya ka bayyana abin da ake nufi da manufar "Old Sabuwar Shekara" me ya sa muka bikin Kirsimeti daga baya Turawa. Yau akwai son yin miƙa mulki ga Julian kalanda a Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, cikin himma zo daga rijiya-cancanta da kuma da-mutunta mutane. A cewar su, 70% na Rasha Orthodox Russia da hakkin ya yi rayuwa bisa ga kalandar, wanda aka yi amfani da Rasha Orthodox Church.