Crystal raga da kuma ta asali iri

Babu shakka wani sinadaran abu da ta wanzu a cikin yanayi, da aka kafa ta a manyan yawan m barbashi wanda suna da nasaba da juna. All kwayar halitta ta wanzu a jihohi uku na tari: gaseous, ruwa da kuma m. Lokacin da wuya thermal motsi (a low yanayin zafi), kazalika da na daskararru barbashi ne tsananin daidaitacce a sarari, wanda aka bayyana a cikin ainihin tsarin kungiyar.

A crystal raga na abu - shi ne da wani tsari da wani geometrically umurni da tsari na barbashi (kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin ko ions) a wasu wuraren sarari. A daban-daban gratings suke da daraja Inter-kumburi sarari da kuma kai tsaye nodes - batun da a wadda barbashi kansu suna located.

A crystal raga ne na hudu iri: ƙarfe, kwayoyin, atomic, ionic. Iri iri-iri suna m bisa ga irin gaɓũɓuwa, zubar a nodes kazalika da yanayin da alakar da ke tsakanin su.

A crystal raga da aka kira kwayoyin a cikin wannan hali, idan da kwayoyin aka shirya a nodes. Suna nasaba da intermolecular dakarun gwada da rauni, da ake kira van der Waals, amma kansu kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin suna shiga ma karfi covalent bond (iyakacin duniya , ko nonpolar). Kwayoyin crystal raga halayyar chlorine, da m hydrogen, carbon dioxide da kuma sauran abubuwa da suke gaseous a yanayinsa.

A lu'ulu'u wanda ya samar da da daraja gas, kuma suna da kwayoyin raga kunshi monohydric kwayoyin. Mafi yawa daga cikin m kwayoyin abubuwa da daidai da irin wannan tsari. Yawan inorganic abubuwa, wanda shi ne peculiar kwayoyin tsarin, shi ne kadan. Wannan, misali, hydrogen halides m, na halitta sulfur, kankara, m sauki abubuwa da sauransu.

Lokacin da mai tsanani, gwada da rauni intermolecular shaidu sun karye fairly sauƙi, sai wani abu da irin wannan gratings da sosai low narkewa batu da kuma low taurin, su ne insoluble ko ƙwauro, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, da mafita na ma wadanda ba conductive, halin da babba volatility. Mafi qarancin tafasar da kuma narkewa zafin jiki - da abubuwa na nonpolar kwayoyin.

Kira karfe da irin wannan crystal raga suna kafa wanda nodes kwayoyin zarra da kyau ions (cations) na karfe tare da free valence electrons (unhooked daga kwayoyin halitta lokacin da samuwar ions) da ka motsi a cikin crystal girma. Duk da haka, wadannan electrons ne ma Semi-free, saboda za su iya tafiya da yardar kaina kawai ta hanyar cewa ƙuntatãwa wannan crystal raga.

Electrostatic electrons da kyau ions da karafa juna ne janyo hankalin, wanda ya bayyana da zaman lafiyar na karfe raga. The tarin free-motsi electrons kira electron gas - shi na samar da kyau lantarki da kuma thermal watsin da karafa. Lokacin da wani lantarki ƙarfin lantarki electrons rush ga m barbashi musharaka a cikin halittar da lantarki da kuma hulda da ions.

Metal crystal raga halayyar yafi ga elemental karafa da kuma mahadi daga daban-daban karafa da juna. Ainihin Properties cewa ne muhimmi a cikin ƙarfe lu'ulu'u (inji ƙarfi, volatility, dab da zazzabi), wajen karfi bambanta. Duk da haka, jiki Properties kamar ductility, malleability, high lantarki da kuma thermal watsin, halayyar ƙarfe luster peculiar kawai na musamman lu'ulu'u wani karfe raga.