Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta: Gwargwadon wuri, management, manyan birane

Chernigov (ko Chernihiv-Seversky) sarauta da aka daya daga cikin mafi muhimman jihohi, wanda ya barke asali na kowa na da ikon mallakar Rurik. A sarauta ne kullum Littafi dama birane, domin a karshen shi ya fadi a keɓe a cikin karami fiefdoms. A XIV karni Grand Duchy na Lithuania hada tsakanin subordinated ƙasashe Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta.

A yanayi da kuma ƙasa daga sarauta

Babban yankin na sarauta dake a cikin kwari na Desna da Sejm, aka raba wa m banki na Dnieper. C. Don yan kasuwa jan samun to Diet daga gare fada cikin danko, kuma daga gare ta - a Dnepr. Shi ne a kan harkokin ciniki a wadannan koguna da tushen su ikon Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta. The aiki yawan mutane da hankula ga tsakiyar Rasha ƙasar a lokacin. A babban ɓangare na horar da ƙasa, yankan saukar kuma kona na gandun daji.

A cikin shekaru, Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta hada da bangarori daban-daban. Domin mafi yawan tarihi a kasashen yamma, da shi da aka iyakance zuwa ƙasashen Chernigov, a gabas a da ganiya hada da ko da Moore. A mafi muhimmanci na garin bayan Chernigov mafi daga cikin labarun zauna Novgorod-Seversky, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karshe daga cikin m zama na cibiyar wannan jiha shi ne Bryansk.

Sarauta zama m

A karo na farko Chernihiv ya zama cibiyar raba sarauta bayan yakin katako a 1024. Wannan shi ne na karshe da kuma babbar yaƙi tsakanin 'ya'ya maza na St. Vladimir. A lokacin yaki da Mstislav tsoro karya Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Mai hikima daga baya), amma bai ci gaba da yaki da kuma ya kai ƙarƙashin raba ƙasar. Mstislav gaji babban birni na kawai tabbatar da Chernigov. Amma Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta bai samu a fuskar wannan abin mamaki lakabi Prince Cire kafa daular - dansa Eustace rasu a idon mahaifinsa kuma nasa bai bar magada. To, a lõkacin a 1036 Mstislav mutu a farauta, dukiyarsa kasance a karkashin ikon Yaroslav.

Yaroslav Mudry, kamar yadda aka sani, a gabãnin mutuwarsa rarraba jihar tare da jikokinsa maza. Chernihiv samu Svyatoslav. Sa'an nan kuma ya zama mai cin gashin kanta nan gaba Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta. Shugabannin ya daular aka kira Olegovichy a madadin dansa Svyatoslav Oleg.

Fada magada Yaroslava Mudrogo na sarauta

Yaroslav Mudry gãdar uku da 'ya'yansa maza su zauna a cikin duniya. Wadannan 'ya'yan (Izyaslav, Vsevolod da Svyatoslav) da kuma akwai kusan shekaru 20 da haihuwa - su wani bangare ne na kungiyar tarayyar, wanda a yanzu ake kira da Triumvirate Yaroslavichy.

Amma a 1073, tare da goyon bayan Vsevolod, Svyatoslav koro Izyaslav kuma ya zama Grand Duke, sõyayya a karkashin mulkinsa da Kyiv da kuma Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta. Bayan shekaru uku, Svyatoslav mutu domin ya yi kokari unsuccessfully cire ƙari. Sa'an nan Vsevolod sulhu tare da Izyaslav koma daga Poland, ya ba shi kursiyin Kiev da aka saka musu da shi Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta.

'yan'uwa siyasa na redistribution na ƙasar ta hana' ya'yan Svyatoslav na Chernigov. Su tafi tare da wannan. The hukunci yaƙi a wannan mataki ya yaƙi a kan Nezhatina Field. A wannan lokaci, Vsevolod ci, Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta bar masa (kazalika da Kiev, saboda Izyaslav mutu daga maƙiyi māsu).

A wuri na Oleg Svyatoslavich: kasashen waje

Kamar yadda na ambata a sama, a karshen irin Chernigov-Seversk yarima ya tafi daidai da Oleg Svyatoslavich. Amma hanyar mahaifinsa wasiyya da aka sosai ba sauki.

Bayan da shan kashi a yakin Nezhatina Nive Olegu kuma Roman gudanar ya tsere zuwa gādonsa na biyu - Tmutarakan. Amma nan da nan da Roman kashe ci amanar masõya, Cumans, Khazars da Oleg kãmã su, kuma canjawa wuri zuwa Konstantinoful.

Shi ba a san abin da tsare-tsaren da suke cikin Byzantine sarki game jikan Yaroslava Mudrogo, a wani hali da suka canja da cika fuska bayan tawaye daga cikin shahararrun Varangian Guard, wanda sai sun mazauni ne na Rasha ƙasar.

Da nasaba da siyasa a cikin wannan taron da aka ba: kawai da sojoji, kasancewa a cikin wani mãsu mãye jihar, ta kai hari a fadar bedroom. Jawabin kasa, mahalarta aka yafe amma gudun hijira daga babban birnin kasar, da kuma Varangian Guard daga wannan lokaci kunshi na Anglo-Saxons, wanda ya tsere daga Ingila bayan da kasar nasara da William Tanƙwasa. Babu bayani game da Oleg halarci tawaye, amma shi ma aka aiko - a tsibirin Rhodes.

A cikin hali na Oleg Rhodes hankali ya fara inganta. Ya aure a gida wakilin wani m iyali Feofano Muzalon. A 1083 ya fili da taimakon da Byzantine detachment, expels da Khazars da kuma zama Tmutarakani ba yarima, ba Byzantine gwamna.

A wuri na Oleg Svyatoslavich: koma Chernihiv

A 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich mutu kuma Polovtsy farmaki da Rasha ƙasar, ciki har da Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta, da ɓangaren da aka quite yarda da nomadic mutane daga cikin matakan da tekun Black Sea ya kai shi. Yana goyon bayan Cumans Oleg Svyatoslavich don yin yaki domin mahaifinsa gado ne. A kan makiyaya sanya shahara dan Vsevolod Vladimir Monomah.

A shekara ya Svyatoslavich Chernihiv. Ya zama a haɗe zuwa gare shi da kuma sauran birane na sarauta, ya tafi yin yawo a kan Moore, Rostov kuma Suzdal, amma aka ci su da 'ya'yan Vladimira Monomaha Mstislav da Vyacheslav da Polovtsian (wanda yanzu yi a gefen Vladimir).

Don shigar da na karshe da zaman lafiya tsakanin Rasha da shugabanninmu, a 1097 bakuncin shahara Congress a Lubicz. An yi imani da cewa ya kulla wani hali da Lalacewar Saint Vladimir al'adunmu gada. Amma domin wannan labarin, yana da muhimmanci cewa Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta, duk da shan kashi na Oleg, Prince koma ga wannan karshe.

Novgorod Severskij rabu da sarauta

Specific fragmentation - lokaci m wars tsakanin sarakuna. Kusan dukkan su sun nemi fadada su kamfanoni, da kuma da yawa - to kai kursiyin a Kiev. Rayayye da hannu a wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe da Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta. Kasa wuri (kusanci zuwa Kiev da kuma iko a kan wani ɓangare na Dnieper) shi aka gabatar da su. Saboda da yawa daga cikin sarauta da aka lalatar a sake.

Manyan sarauta rududdugaggu cikin karami fiefs. Novgorod-Seversky ya zama cibiyar raba sarauta mafi don magance da majalisa sarakuna a Liubech a 1097, amma na dogon lokaci shi ne mai mulki na magajin zuwa kursiyin a Chernigov. A 1164, bayan mutuwar Svyatoslava Olgovicha, da kwangila da aka kammala tsakanin ɗansa, Oleg, da kuma babban na uwan Oleg - Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. A cewar shi, da farko da na tafi Chernigov, da kuma na biyu - Novgorod-Seversky. Saboda haka, a cikin wadannan birane ya fara sarauta mai zaman kanta daular.

A hankali ci gaba fragmentation da wadannan ikoki cikin karami fiefdoms.

Batu ta mamayewa

Rududdugaggu cikin kananan fiefdoms sarauta ba lashe Tatar-Mongol sojojin karkashin jagorancin Batu Khan (a Rasha hadisin Batu). Akwai da yawa bayani ga wannan, daya daga cikin manyan - birnin da aka ba sõyayya a fuskar wani na kowa maƙiyi. Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta - a gani tabbatarwa.

Sai ya zama da burin na makiya babban yajin aiki a 1239, amma an ci su da farko gādonsa tukuna a baya 1238-m. Bayan na farko duka, Prince Mihail Chernigovsky ba shirya zuwa tare da babban bugu. Ya tsere zuwa Hungary, a 'yan shekaru baya, ya tafi da taro, kuma ya mutu domin ya ƙi ya yi arna rituals (canonized a matsayin saint shahidi), amma a fagen yaƙi gāba da Tatar-Mongol aka taba saki.

Tsaro Chernihiv gangarawa baya aspired zuwa 'ya'yan sarakuna ba kursiyinsa a birnin Mstislav Glebovich. Amma ba tare da goyon bayan tsayayya Chernihiv Sauran sarauta da aka ci, Mstislav gudu sake a Hungary.

Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta ya zama shahararren da tsaro na daya daga cikin kananan garuruwa - Kozelsk. A birnin dokoki jariri yarima (ya kasance 12), amma sai aka gina impregnable. Kozelsk aka located a kan wani tudu tsakanin biyu na gudãna (Zhizdra da Drugusnoy) tare da m bankuna. The tsaro dade 7 makonni (ƙara iya kare kawai da iko Kiev). Abu mai muhimmanci, Kozelsk yãƙi kadai: babban sojojin na Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta, a 1238, har yanzu sun fi mayar untouched da mamayewa, bai zo ga taimako.

A karkashin Tatar-Mongol karkiya

Jim kadan bayan mamaye na Rasha ƙasashe da Tatar-Mongol daular m up. Batu Khan aka tsunduma cikin yaki da zuriyar Genghis Khan tare da juna. A sakamakon haka, ya zama mai mulkin daya daga cikin gutsutsuren iko - Golden taro (wanda rashin biyarmu da kuma Rasha ƙasar).

A karkashin mulkin na Golden taro shugabanni ba rasa ikon, amma suna da hakkin ya tabbatar da shi, da abin da suka tafi da taro domin samun abin da ake kira gajerar hanya. Ta'adi da aka riba to sarrafa ƙasashen Rasha da makamai kansu Rasha.

Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta management gina a kan wannan manufa. Amma ta cibiyar canja. Yanzu, babban sarakuna na Chernigov ya fara sarauta daga Bryansk. Yana da yawa kasa na Chernigov da Novgorod-Seversky sha wahala daga mamayewa.

Olegovichy cewa ba su iya tsara tsaro na sarauta rasa take. A kan lokaci da shi samu cikin sarakunan Smolensk.

A Grand Duchy na Lithuania

A 1357 ya kama Bryansk Grand Duke na Lithuania Algirdas. Ba da da ewa sauran na gadon Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta ya zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania. Yana da daraja yana cewa 'yan kalmomi game Algirdas aikinsu Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta zo daga ikon da Tatar-Mongol.

Algirdas ya ba da ɗan fari na baya Grand Duke na Lithuania Gedemin, amma 4 shekaru bayan rasuwar tsohonsa, ya aka goyan bayan da ɗan'uwansa Keistut samu m iko. Ta fi shahara da 'ya'ya maza - Jagiello. Haka ne, ya zuriyar Algirdas sun Jagiellonians - daular, wanda ya mulki a kasashe da dama na Gabashi da Tsakiyar Turai.

Lokacin da Algirdas da Kęstutis tsiwirwirinsu m iko a cikin Grand Duchy na Lithuania, da suka raba iko. Keystut tsunduma a cikin tsaro na yammacin kan iyakoki, da manyan abokan gaba su ne 'Yan Salibiyya. Algirdas kuma dauki gabashin kasashen waje da manufofin. Ba babban abokin hamayyarsa ya Zolotaya Orda da kuma dogara a kan ta jiha (daya daga wanda shi a lokacin Muscovy). Algirdas nasara. Ya ci Tartars a 1362 a wata babbar yaƙi a Blue Waters da annexed zuwa Grand Duchy na Lithuania da yawa tsoho mallaki Rurik. Ya zama mai shi daga cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma na farko Rasha da daular - Kiev.

A Grand Duchy na Lithuania na dogon lokaci zauna cin gashin, Saboda haka da siffofin na Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta, saboda a zahiri shi ya kasance m, shi kawai nada gwamnan Vilna. A karshe irin wannan ya Prince Roman Mikhailovich, wanda zai daga baya mulki Smolensk, inda a 1401 ya kashe fushi mazauna birnin. A cikin XV karni, gādonsa na tsohon Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta rasa samun 'yancin kai.

afterword

Daga cikin jihohin, wanda ya karya up da sau daya united Jihar Rurik, mai matukar muhimmanci shi ne Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta. Halayyar da labarin shi ne hali da yawa dangane da tsohon dũkiyarku Yaroslava Mudrogo, amma yana da nasa haske ban sha'awa shafukan.

Yana tsaye a keɓe, rududdugaggu cikin fiefdoms, ba zai iya bayar da juriya ga mamayewa na mangolawa, kuma suka yi biyayya, kuma daga baya Grand Duchy na Lithuania. A 1569, ya ƙasashe da aka canjawa wuri zuwa Yaren mutanen Poland mulkin.

Na rabo, Chernihiv-Seversky sarauta faru da yawa m haihuwa na Grand Duchy na Lithuania da kuma Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu - sarakuna Novosilsky.