Ka'idar Norman ka'idar asalin zamanin Rasha: asalin tunanin

Yana da wuya a samo mutane ko wani duniyar siyasa a dukan duniya, wanda asalin jama'a da masana tarihi suka fahimta asali. A wani bangare, dalilin wannan shi ne rashin ilimin tarihin tarihi da na tarihi na zamani na zamani, a daya - kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci - marmarin, sau da yawa ba cikakke ba, don daukaka fadarmu, don nuna shi labarin jarida. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman batutuwa na tarihin tarihin Rasha shine ka'idar Norman ka'idar asalin zamanin Rasha. Shekaru na farko da Kievan Rus ya kasance, har ma mahimmanci, magungunan motsa jiki, sun zama mafi muhimmiyar mahimmanci na muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi na Rasha na daruruwan shekaru.

Ka'idar Norman ka'idar asalin zamanin Rasha

Kievan Rus a matsayin sabon tsarin siyasa, kamar yadda dukkanin tushen tushe sun tabbatar, ya bayyana a rabin rabin karni na 9. Tun lokacin da aka fara nazarin kimiyyar tarihi a Rasha, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban na asalin zamanin Rasha. Daban-daban masu bincike sun yi kokarin find asalin Rasha statehood da Iran abubuwa (magana ne game da rayuwa a nan wani lokaci kabilan Scythians da Sarmatians), da kuma Celtic da kuma Baltic (wannan rukuni na mutane a cikin farkon tsakiyar zamanai aka fi hankali alaka da Slavs). Duk da haka, mafi yawan shahararrun kuma mafi yawancin lamari ne kawai ra'ayi guda biyu a kan wannan tambaya: ka'idar Norman game da asalin zamanin Rasha da kuma jihar antinorman, abokin adawarsa. Norman ka'idar da aka farko tsara lokaci mai tsawo, har ma a tsakiyar na XIII karni, da fādar sarki tarihi Gottlieb Bayer.

Ba da daɗewa ba bayanan ya ci gaba da tunaninsa Sauran Jamus - Gerard Miller da Agusta Schletzer. Tushen gina tsarin ka'idar Norman shine layi daga shahararren tarihin "The Tale of Years Bygone Years". Nestor ya bayyana asalin tsohuwar kasar Rasha kamar yadda ya dace da Sarkin Ruwa da kuma sojojinsa na Varangian, wanda ya zama jagoran farko na soja da sarauta a Rasha. Bisa ga daftarin aiki, da Slavic kabilu sun fada tare da wasu tiers da kuma gudanar da su fitar da su daga ƙasashe. Amma bayan wannan ya biyo bayan lokaci na rikice-rikice da jini a cikin ƙasashen Slavic. Wannan ya sa sun sake juya zuwa Rus kuma suna kira su daga bayan teku zuwa ga mulki: "Ƙasarmu mai arziki ne, amma babu tsari a ciki ...". A wannan labarin, masana tarihi na Jamus sun gano 'yan Rasha masu ban mamaki da sarakunan Scandinavia. Haka kuma magungunan kimiyya suka gano, sa'an nan kuma daga bisani. Wajibi ne suka halarci waɗannan ƙasashe a ƙarni na 9 zuwa 10. Kuma sunayen na farko Kievan shugabanninmu da su babban dakuna sun kusan gaba ɗaya Scandinavian asalin. Wasu matafiya Larabawa sun gano a cikin rubutunsu Ruses da Scandinavia. Bisa ga dukan waɗannan hujjoji, an haifi Norman ka'idar asalin zamanin Rasha. Gaskiya tana da cikakken ƙarfi kuma an yi la'akari da shekaru masu yawa.

Fassarar magungunan mahaukaci

Duk da haka, hakikanin gaskiyar kiran sarakunan sarakunan kasashen waje sun nuna cewa Slavs kansu ba su iya samar da kansu a tsakiyar zamanai ba, kamar yadda sauran ƙasashen Turai suka yi. Irin wannan ra'ayi ba zai iya ba da fushi a tsakanin masu ba da ilmi ba. Mutumin farko wanda zai iya tsayayya da masanin kimiyya na Jamus kuma ya nuna kuskuren ka'idar su shine masanin kimiyyar Rasha Mikhail Lomonosov. A ra'ayinsa, ya kamata Russia ba a san shi da 'yan kasashen waje ba, amma tare da al'ummar yankin. Ya yi ishãra zuwa ambatar gida kõguna Ros, tayoyin. Wa] anda ke Waje, a gefe guda, Da aka ambata a cikin tarihin zamanin da, sun kasance (a cikin ra'ayi na Lomonosov) ba daga Scandinavia ba, amma daga Slavs, wanda yanzu sanannun masana tarihi sun kasance suna razana. A tsawon lokaci, tarihin haramtaccen tarihi na Norman ya karu. Duk da haka, al'ada sun kare matsayinsu na ƙarni. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na jihar Soviet, ka'idar Norman ta bayyana mummunan cututtuka da kuma rashin jin dadi, wanda ke nufin ma'anar ci gaba. Duk da haka, ci gaban da hanya na tarihi da kuma archaeological siffofin da yawa ba antinormanistov. An gano cewa wasu 'yan kasashen waje na karni na 9 sun kira Russs Slavs. Bugu da kari, haihuwar tsarin gine-gine yana cikin zamanin Kievan. Wani muhimmiyar hujjar ita ce, 'yan Scandinavia a wannan lokacin ba su kirkira wani gida ko da a gida ba.

Ƙarshe

Tun daga shekarun 1950, dukkanin ka'idodin biyu sun sake ci gaba sosai. Haduwa da sababbin ilmi da gaskiya, musamman masanin binciken tarihi, ya nuna cewa ba zai yiwu a watsar da dukkanin ra'ayoyin ka'idar Norman ba. Wataƙila babban mahimman abu na wannan muhawara shi ne littafin Lev Klein The Dispute about the Varangians. A nan an kwatanta dukkanin tsarin ci gaban tattaunawar tsakanin jam'iyyun, cikakken bayani game da muhawara da kuma tushe. Gaskiyar ita ce, kamar yadda kullum, wani wuri a tsakiya. Vikings, masu fama da kwarewa da masu cin kasuwa, sun kasance a cikin ƙasashen Slavic kuma suna da dangantaka da jama'a. Suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci game da kafa tsarin jihar a nan, yana kawo ra'ayoyin daga ko'ina na nahiyar. Bugu da} ari, bayyanar Kievan Rus ba zai yiwu bane ba tare da shiri na cikin al'umma Slavic kanta ba. Saboda haka, shi ne wata ila cewa na farko Rasha sarakuna Aka Scandinavians (tsakiyar zamanai shi ba wani abin mamaki gaskiya), amma rawar da suka taka kamata ba za a overestimated.