Birtaniya masanin kwayar halitta, da kuma biophysicist neuroscientist Frensis Krik: biography, nasarori, binciken da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Francis Crick Harri Compton kasance daya daga cikin biyu kwayoyin masana kimiyyar wanda bijiro m tsarin m kayyade bayanai deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), da haka wajen qaddamar da zamani ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu. Bayan wannan muhimman hakkokin samu ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga fahimtar da kwayoyin code da kuma aikin kwayoyin halitta, kazalika a neurobiology. Ya shared da Nobel Prize a magani a 1962 tare da James Watson da kuma Maurice Wilkins ga elucidation na DNA tsarin.

Frensis Krik: biography

Dattijon da 'ya'ya biyu maza, Francis, an haife shi a iyali na Harry Crick da kuma Elizabeth Ann Wilkins 8 Yuni, 1916 a Northampton, Ingila. Ya halarci gida nahawu makaranta da kuma daga farkon shekarun zama sha'awar gwaje-gwajen, sau da yawa tare da sinadaran fashewar. A makaranta, ya samu kyauta, domin tattara wildflowers. Bugu da kari, ya aka damu da wani irin wasan tennis, amma ba sosai sha'awar wasu wasanni da wasanni. A shekaru 14, Francis samu wani malanta makaranta a Mill Hill, arewa London. Shekaru hudu daga baya, a shekaru 18, ya sa suna a University College. Don} uruciyarsa iyaye koma daga Northampton a Mill Hill, kuma shi yarda Francis zuwa rayuwa yayin da karatu a gida. Ya kammala karatunsa tare da karrama a Physics.

Bayan dalibi Frensis Krik jagorancin da Costa Andrade a University College yi bincike danko ruwa a karkashin matsin da kuma a high yanayin zafi. A 1940, Francis samu a yakin ofishin a cikin Admiralty, inda ya yi aiki a kan zane na anti-jirgin mahakar. Tun da farko wannan shekara, Crick aure Rut Dorin Dodd. Da dan Michael aka haife a lokacin wani harin jirgin sama a kan London Nuwamba 25, 1940. By karshen yaki, Francis aka sanya wa kimiyya bincike na hedkwatar Birtaniya Admiralty a Whitehall, inda ya mayar da hankali a kan ci gaban da makamai.

A kan gab da rai, kuma matattu tambaya

Farga da cewa zai bukatar ƙarin horo domin a gamsar da sha'awar tafiyar da harkokin binciken, Crick yanke shawarar yin aiki a kan wani m mataki. A cewar shi, ya aka fascinated da biyu yankunan da ilmin halitta - iyakar tsakanin rai da matattu tambaya da kwakwalwa aiki. Creek zabi na farko, duk da cewa ya san kadan game da batun. Bayan na farko karatu a jami'ar University College a 1947, ya tsaya a wani shirin a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a Cambridge a karkashin shugabanci na Artura Hyuza, game da aiki a jiki Properties na cytoplasm al'adun kaza fibroblasts.

Bayan shekaru biyu, Crick shiga cikin kungiyar da majalisar Medical Research a Cabendish Laboratory. Yana hada da Birtaniya da malamai Maks Peruts da Dzhon Kendryu (nan gaba Nobel Prize nasara). Francis ya fara aiki tare da su, ostensibly don nazarin gina jiki tsari, amma a gaskiya aiki tare Watson a kan tsarin da DNA unraveling.

biyu Helix

A shekarar 1947, Frensis Krik saki Dorin kuma a shekarar 1949 ya auri Odile Speed, dalibi, artist, wanda ya hadu da lokacin da ta yi aiki a cikin Navy a lokacin da yake sabis a cikin Admiralty. The aure ya zo daidai da farkon na takarar aiki a kan X-ray diffractometry sunadaran. Wannan hanya na nazarin crystal tsarin da kwayoyin, kyale su ayyana abubuwa na uku girma tsarin.

A 1941 da Cabendish dakin gwaje-gwaje karkashin jagorancin Sir William Lawrence Bragg, wanda ita ce ta farko da X-ray diffraction hanya, shekara arba'in da suka wuce. A shekarar 1951, Crick shiga ta Dzheyms Uotson, a ziyartar Amirka, wanda ya yi karatu tare da Italian likita Salvador Edward Luria da kuma wani memba na wata kungiyar na lissafin kimiyya suka yi binciken kwayan ƙwayoyin cuta, da aka sani da bacteriophages.

Kamar yadda takwarorinsa, Watson sha'awar da watsuwar da abun da ke ciki na genes zaton bayani tsarin DNA ne mafi alamar bayani. Na wasa cinikayya tsakanin Crick da kuma Watson ci gaba ta hanyar irin wannan burinsu da kuma irin wannan tunani matakai. Su gwaninta complements juna. By lokacin da suka farko hadu Crick san da yawa game da X-ray diffraction da kuma tsarin da gina jiki, da kuma Watson ya Masani game da bacteriophages da kwayan itatuwa aure.

wadannan Franklin

Frensis Krik da Dzheyms Uotson su na sane da aikin biochemists Maurice Wilkins, kuma Rosalind Franklin sarki ta College da ke London, wanda da taimakon X-ray diffraction diddigin tsarin DNA. Creek, musamman, da ake kira London Group ga gina model, irin waɗanda yi Laynus Poling a Amurka don magance matsalar da furotin da alpha Helix. Pauling, mahaifin sinadaran bond ra'ayi ya nuna cewa sunadaran da uku-girma tsarin da ba kawai mikakke amino acid sarkar.

Wilkins, kuma Franklin, mukaddashin da kansa, fĩfĩta mafi m gwaji m msar tambayar simulating Hanyar Pauling, wanda bin Francis. Tun lokacin da kungiyar a kwalejin Kings bai karɓa wa shawara, Crick da Watson da duqufar da wani ɓangare na wani biyu-shekara lokacin na tattaunawa da muhawara. A farkon 1953 da suka fara gina model na DNA.

DNA tsarin

Amfani data daga X-ray diffraction Franklin, da yawa na gwaji da kuma kuskure, suka halitta mai model na deoxyribonucleic acid kwayoyin, wanda ya yi daidai da karshe na London Group da kuma bayanan Masanin Erwin Chargaff. A 1950 da karshen nuna cewa zumunta adadin da hudu nucleotides cewa yin up DNA, haka wasu sharudda, daya daga wanda shi ne ya dace da adadin adenine (A) da adadin taimain (T) da kuma adadin Bibyun (G) da yawan saitosin (C). Irin wannan sadarwa shafi Pairing na A da kuma T da kuma C da kuma G, tunkuɗe duk da ra'ayin cewa DNA - shi ne kome fiye da wani tetranucleotide, cewa shi ne mai sauki kwayoyin kunshi duk hudu sansanonin.

A cikin bazara da kuma bazara na shekarar 1953, Watson da Crick rubuta hudu articles game da tsarin deoxyribonucleic acid da kuma tsammani fasali, da farko na abin da ya bayyana a mujallar Nature a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu. Publications bi ta wurin ayyukan Wilkins, Franklin, da kuma abokan aikinsu sun gabatar gwaji shaida ga wani samfurin. Watson lashe jefa kuma sanya sunan mahaifi na farko, haka har abada haxe da muhimman hakkokin kimiyya nasara tare da biyu daga Watson-Crick.

kwayoyin code

Kan gaba 'yan shekaru, Frensis Krik aka nazarin dangantaka tsakanin DNA da kwayoyin code. Ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da Vernon Ingram ya haddasa zanga-zangar a 1956, abun da ke ciki na da bambance-bambance a haemoglobin na sickle cell-anemia daga al'ada a daya amino acid. A binciken da bayar da shaida da cewa kwayoyin cuta na iya za a hade tare da rabo daga furotin-DNA.

Around lokaci guda zuwa Crick a Cabendish Laboratory shiga cikin Genetics da kuma kwayoyin Biology na Afrika ta Kudu Sydney Brenner. Suka fara magance "matsalar na coding" - da definition da jerin jigidar halittar DNA da kwasfansu Forms jerin amino acid a cikin furotin. A aikin da aka fara gabatar a shekara ta 1957 karkashin lakabi "A kira na gina jiki." Yana Crick tsara ainihin hakan na ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu, bisa ga abin, da bayanai daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar wani sunadari baya babu kuma. An annabta cewa furotin kira kayan da yada bayanai daga DNA to RNA da kuma daga RNA don gina jiki.

Salk Institute

A shekarar 1976, a lokacin da wani vacation Crick da aka miƙa ta dindindin matsayi a Cibiyar Halittu Research Salk a La Jolla, California. Ya amince da sauran rayuwarsa ya yi aiki a Salk Cibiyar ciki har da matsayin darektan. Akwai Creek soma nazarin aiki na kwakwalwa, wanda yake sha'awar a shi daga fara kimiyya aiki. An yafi tsunduma a cikin sani da kuma kokarin kai farmaki da matsalar ta hanyar nazarin hangen nesa. Creek ta buga da dama takardunku a kan jita-jitar da sunadaran da mafarkai da kuma hankali, amma, kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin tarihin kansa, ya har yanzu ya ba da haihuwa zuwa wata ka'idar, wanda zai a lokaci guda ya da wani sabon da rinjawarwa bayyana yawa gwaji facts.

"Directed panspermia" An ban sha'awa episode na aiki a Salk Institute ya ci gaban da ra'ayoyin. Tare da Leslie Orgel, ya wallafa wani littafi da ya ba da shawara cewa microbes sun tashi a sarari, to ƙarshe isa cikin ƙasa, kuma shuka shi, kuma cewa da aka yi a sakamakon Action, "wani." Saboda haka Frensis Krik karyata ka'idar creationism, yana nuna yadda shi ne mai yiwuwa a gabatar da tabbas ideas.

Awards masanin kimiyya

A lokacin da ya aiki mai kuzari sharhi na zamani ilmin halitta Frensis Krik taru, hada da inganta da gwaji aikin wasu, da kuma kawo su sabon abu binciken don magance muhimman hakkokin matsaloli na kimiyya. Fitattun kokari, a Bugu da kari ga Nobel Prize, ya lashe shi da yawa awards. Wadannan sun hada da Lasker Award, da kyauta na Faransa Academy of Sciences na Charles Mayer da mindar na Royal Society Copley. A shekarar 1991 ya samu karbuwa a matsayin wata memba na Order of yabo.

Crick mutu Yuli 28, 2004 a San Diego a cikin shekaru 88 da shekaru. A shekara ta 2016 Francis Crick Cibiyar da aka gina a arewa London. A tsarin da kudin na 660 fam miliyan shi ne mafi girma cibiyar ga ilimin halittu da aikin likita da bincike a Turai.