Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: biography, kimiyya nasarori da kuma ban sha'awa facts na rayuwa

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - a duniya-sanannen Rasha Falsafa da kuma halittu. Ya dauki wani aiki sashi a cikin rayuwar zamantakewa a kasar. Shi ne babba kafa na manyan gidaje na Duniya Sciences. Ya wuraren binciken hada da masana'antu, irin su:

• biogeochemistry.
• geochemistry.
• radiogeology.
• hydrogeology.

Shi ne mahaliccin mafi kimiyya makarantu. Tun 1917 ne wani Academician na Rasha, Academy of Sciences, kuma a shekara ta 1925 - da Academy of Sciences da Tarayyar Soviet.

A 1919 ya zama na farko da mazaunin na Academy of Sciences da Ukraine, sa'an nan - Farfesa na Moscow Cibiyar. Duk da haka, ya yi murabus. Wannan karimcin ne wata ãyã daga rashin amincewa da musguna wa dalibai.

Kayyade tunani Vladimira Ivanovicha Vernadskogo ya zama masomin da ci gaban zamani kimiyya hoto na duniya. Babban ra'ayin masanin kimiyyar da aka hadedde kimiyya ci gaba Concepts kamar biosphere. A cewar shi, da kalmar ma'anar da suke zaune a duniya harsashi na Duniya. Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich ( "noosphere" shi ne kuma a lokaci gabatar da masanin kimiyyar) ya yi karatu cikakke hadaddun, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ba kawai rayuwa harsashi, amma kuma mutum factor. Koyarwar haka mai hikima da kuma m farfesa mutum dangantakar da yanayi ba zai iya samun wani gagarumin tasiri a kan samuwar halitta kimiyya sani na kowane m mutum.

Vernadsky an aiki goyon bayan Rasha cosmism, wanda dogara ne a kan ra'ayin da hadin kai na halittu da kuma dukkan bil'adama. Har ila yau, Vladimir shi ne shugaban da kotun tsarin mulkin-Democrats da kuma Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi Zemsky motsi. Ya karbi Jihar Prize da Tarayyar Soviet a 1943.

Ƙananan yara da kuma matasa na nan gaba Academician

Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (biography ya tabbatar da wannan) an haife shi a St. Petersburg a kan Maris 12 1863 shekara. Ya zauna a wani daraja iyali. Mahaifinsa wani masanin tattalin arziki, da shi da uwa tasa - na farko Rasha mace siyasa da tattalin arziki. Iyaye na toddlers ne fairly sanannun publicists da kuma tattalin arziki da kuma taba manta da asali.

Kamar yadda iyali labari, haife Vernadsky fãra daga cikin Lithuanian gentry Verna, wanda ya canja sheka zuwa Cossacks da sandunan da aka kashe saboda goyon bayan da Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

A 1873, labarin mu gwarzo ya fara karatu a Kharkov makaranta. Kuma a 1877-m iyalinsa da aka tilasta su matsa zuwa St. Petersburg. A wannan lokacin, Vladimir sa suna a makarantar sakandare da kuma nasarar kammala karatunsa. A birnin a kan Neva mahaifin Vernadsky - Ivan - ya bude nasa bugu kamfanin, wanda aka kira "Slavic bugu gidan", kazalika da kula da kantin sayar da littattafai a kan Nevsky Prospekt.

A shekaru na goma sha uku a nan gaba Academician fara nuna sha'awa a cikin halitta tarihi, Slavs, kazalika da wani aiki rayuwar zamantakewa.

1881 yana da arziki, a events. Idon rufe mujallar mahaifinsa, wanda a lokaci guda ne kuma shanyayye. Kuma ya aka kashe Alexander II. kamar yadda Vernadsky kansa nasarar wuce ƙofar jarrabawa da kuma ya fara dalibi rayuwa a St. Petersburg University.

A marmarin in zama masanin kimiyya

Vernadsky, wanda biography ne kamar yadda rare kamar yadda ya kimiyya nasarori, ya fara karatu a Jami'ar St. Petersburg a 1881. Ya yi sa'a don samun to laccoci Mendeleev, wanda karfafa da dalibai, kuma da tabbatarwa daga kai-da amincewa da kuma sanar da mayalwaci shawo kan matsaloli.

A 1882, da kimiyya da Literary Society da aka kafa a jami'a a wadda Vernadsky da girmamawa ga kai mineralogy. Farfesa Dokuchaev kusantar da hankali ga gaskiya cewa matasa dalibi san su kiyaye halitta tafiyar matakai. Girma kwarewa ga Vladimir zama farfesa shirya balaguro, wanda zai taimaka dalibai zuwa da 'yan shekaru a samu ta hanyar farko ma'aunan kasa hanya.

A 1884 Vernadsky zama wani ma'aikaci na mineralogical hukuma na St. Petersburg University, shan amfani da tayin na wannan Dokuchaeva. A wannan shekara ta zo a cikin mallaki dukiya. Kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya auri wata kyakkyawar yarinya Natalia Staritskaya. Ba da da ewa suna da wani dan George, wanda a nan gaba za ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Yale.

A watan Maris 1888, Vernadsky (biography ya bayyana tafiya na rayuwa) da ke a kasuwanci tafiya da kuma ziyarci Vienna, Naples da Munich. Kamar haka ya fara aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Crystallography kasashen waje.

Kuma bayan da nasara kammala jami'a ilimi shekara Vernadsky yanke shawarar da ya warke a kan tafiya zuwa Turai zuwa ziyarci mineralogical Museum. A lokacin tafiya, ya halarci Biyar taron na kasa da kasa Sashen taron, wanda ya faru a Ingila. Ga aka kwantar da Birtaniya Association of Science.

Moscow University

Vladimir Vernadsky, ya isa a birnin Moscow, ya zama wani malami a jami'ar Moscow, shan wurin mahaifinsa. A mahallinsa mai girma sinadaran dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mineralogical binciken. Ba da da ewa Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (ilmin halitta ba tukuna sosai iteresovala matasa masanin kimiyyar) ya fara lakca a likitanci da kuma ta jiki-ilmin lissafi baiwa. Dalibai gaskiya ma yi magana da muhimmanci da kuma amfani da ilmi, wanda ya ba da malami.

Vernadsky bayyana mineralogy matsayin kimiyya horo da damar don nazarin ma'adanai irin su halitta mahadi ɓawon burodi.

A 1902, da gwarzo na mu labarin digiri na uku a crystallography kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa. A lokaci guda, ya dauki bangare a cikin majalisa na geologists daga ko'ina cikin duniya, wanda ya faru a Moscow.

A 1892 Vernadsky a cikin iyali yana da wani biyu yaron - 'ya mace, Nina. A wannan lokacin, shi ne ɗan fari da aka riga shekara tara.

Ba da da ewa farfesa Notes cewa "girma" a dukan sabon kimiyya da aka rabu da mineralogy. Usul, ya ce a gaba majalisa na likitoci da masana kimiyya. Tun daga nan, wani sabon masana'antu - geochemistry.

May 4, 1906 Vladimir Ivanovich ya zama mataimakin farfesa a mineralogy a St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Yana kuma zabe da shugaban sashen Mineralogy Sashen Museum. A 1912 Vernadskii (biography shi - Direct hujja) ya zama ilimi.

Tafiya, a duniya, masanin kimiyya tattara da kuma kawo gida mafi bambancin tarin duwatsu. Kuma a cikin 1910, da Italiyanci halittu bude kira Vladimir Ivanovich ma'adinai "vernadskitom".

Koyarwarsa ayyuka a Moscow farfesa, a Jami'ar kammala a 1911. A lokacin da wannan lokaci, gwamnatin ci ɗan jam'iyyar kadet gida. A zanga-zanga na saman wuraren bar uku daga cikin malaman.

Rayuwa a St. Petersburg

A cikin watan Satumba 1911, da masanin kimiyyar Vladimir Vernadsky koma St. Petersburg. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da sha'awar da farfesa, ya canji na mineralogical Museum na Academy of Sciences a duniya ma'aikata. A 1911, da gidan kayan gargajiya samu wani Littãfi yawan kewayon ma'adanai collections - 85. Daga cikin su sun kankara na Extraterrestrial asalin (meteorites). The farfado da aka samu ba kawai a Rasha, amma kuma shigo da daga Madagascar, Italy da Norway. Tare da sabon collections na Museum of St. Petersburg ya zama daya daga cikin mafi kyau a duniya. A shekara ta 1914, saboda da karuwa a ma'aikatan kafa mineralogical da kuma Sashen Museum. Vernadsky zama ta darektan.

A lokacin ziyararsa a St. Petersburg masanin kimiyya yayi kokarin haifar da Lomonosov Cibiyar, wanda ya zuwa kunshi da dama sassan: sinadaran, ta jiki da kuma mineralogical. Amma, abin takaici, gwamnatin Rasha ba ya so ya nutsu wa kudi.

Tun da yakin duniya na farko, rance ga radium a Rasha fara samun koma baya muhimmanci, don hanzarta rurrushe saboda kasashen waje tare da manyan malaman kimiyya. Vernadsky ƙirƙira don ƙirƙirar wani kwamitin da ya yi nazarin da na halitta m sojojin na Rasha. The Board, wanda kunshi hamsin da shida, da aka karkashin jagorancin wani masanin kimiyya. Kuma a wannan lokacin Vladimir fara fahimtar yadda dukan kimiyya da kuma rayuwar al'umma da aka gina. Duk da cewa duk da muni a Rasha, da Hukumar, a kan m, kumbura. Kuma a cikin 1916 ya ya iya shirya goma sha huɗu kimiyya expeditions zuwa sassa daban-daban na kasar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Academician Vernadsky ya iya sa da tushe ga wani gaba ɗaya sabon kimiyya - biogeochemistry, wanda ya yi nazarin ba kawai yanayi, amma kuma da yanayin da mutum da kansa.

Vernadsky rawa wajen ci gaban na Ukrainian kimiyya

A 1918 Vernadsky gidan, gina a Poltava, ina aka niƙa ta Bolsheviks. Ko duk da cewa a Ukraine da Jamus zo, da masanin kimiyyar ya iya shirya dama ma'aunan kasa balaguro din, kazalika da yin wani gabatarwa a kan jigo "Rayuwa al'amari".

Bayan da canji na iko, da ya fara sarauta a Hetman Skoropadsky, an yanke shawarar shirya na Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin aiki danƙa Vernadsky. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa mafi kyau bayani zai zama ya dauki misali da Rasha Academy of Sciences. Wannan ma'aikata ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban duniya da lahira da al'adu na jama'a, kazalika da karuwa a cikin m sojojin. Vernadsky, wanda biography ne a tabbatar da dama events faruwa a Ukraine, sun amince su dauki irin wannan muhimmin al'amari ba, amma bisa sharadin cewa ba zai zama magadansa na Ukraine.

A shekara ta 1919 ya buɗe UAS, kazalika da kimiyya library. A daidai wannan lokaci, masana kimiyya suna aiki a kan samu daga jami'o'i da dama a Ukraine. Duk da haka, ko da wannan bai isa ga Vernadsky. Ya yanke shawarar da ya yi gwaji tare da mai rai al'amari. Kuma daya daga wadannan gwaje-gwajen ya ba da matukar ban sha'awa da kuma muhimmanci sakamakon. Amma tare da zuwan da Bolsheviks ne a Kiev zama hadari, don haka Vladimir mayar da su cikin nazarin halittu tashar a Staroselie. M hatsari ya tilasta masa ya tafi zuwa ga Crimea, inda matarsa da 'yar da aka jiran.

Kimiyya da Falsafa

Vladimir Vernadsky yi imani da cewa falsafar da kuma kimiyya - Waɗannan su ne biyu gaba daya hanyoyi daban-daban don sanin duniyar mutum. Bã su da daban-daban abubuwa na gudanar da bincike. Amma falsafar yana da wani iyaka da kuma nuna kome. Kuma kimiyya, da bambanci, yana da iyaka - da real duniya. Amma a lokaci guda, biyu Concepts ne rabuwa. Falsafa - wani irin "sinadirai" yanayi domin kimiyya. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa rayuwa - shi ne guda wani ɓangare na wani madawwami sararin samaniya, a matsayin makamashi ko kome.

A karshe shekaru ransa, Vladimir Ivanovich bayyana philosophic ra'ayin escalating yankunan rayuwa a cikin yankin na tunani, shi ne biosphere cikin noosphere. Ya yi imani da cewa tunanin mutum - wannan shi ne jagoran juyin halitta, saboda haka da na halitta tafiyar matakai an maye gurbinsu da m.

Geochemistry da Muciya

A 1924, Vladimir Vernadsky wallafa wani littafi mai suna "Geochemistry". Aiki da aka rubuta a Faransa da kuma sake a Paris. Kawai bayan shekaru uku, "makala a kan Geochemistry" ya bayyana a cikin Rasha.

A wannan aikin masanin kimiyya generalizes m da msar tambayar bayanai abin da ya shafi ɓawon burodi kwayoyin halitta, kazalika da karatu da na halitta abun da ke ciki geospheres. A wannan aiki da shi da aka bai wa mas'ala ta "rai al'amari" - a sa na kwayoyin da cewa za a iya karatu a cikin wannan hanya a matsayin wani al'amari: bayyana su nauyi, da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma samar da makamashi. Geochemistry ya bayyana a matsayin kimiyya da karatu da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma dokokin yaduwa daga cikin sinadaran abubuwa a duniya. Geochemical matakai ne iya rufe duk da harsashi. A mafi m rabuwa tsari yana dauke da abubuwa a lokacin solidification kuma sanyaya. Kuma a nan ne tushen duk geochemical matakai an dauke su da makamashi na rana, nauyi da kuma zafi.

Amfani da dokokin da rarraba sinadaran abubuwa, Rasha masana kimiyya ne masu tasowa geochemical kintace, kazalika da hanyoyin da za a sami ma'adanai.

Vernadsky sanya wani Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa wani buɗi na rayuwa iya kawai wanzu a cikin nau'i na biosphere - wata babbar tsarin na "zaune wuri". A 1926, farfesa ya wallafa wani littafin "Muciya" a cikin abin da ya kayyade duk kayan yau da kullum na koyarwarsa. A littafin samu a kananan, rubuta a cikin sauki m harshe. Yana kai wa ni'ima daga masu karatu da dama.

Vernadsky tsara biogeochemical ganewa na biosphere. A da shi da ra'ayi da aka gani a matsayin abu mai rai, ya kunshi wani iri-iri da sunadarai abubuwa samu a duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan.

biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry ne a kimiyya da karatu da abun da ke ciki, tsarin, da jigon rayuwa al'amarin. Masana kimiyya sun gano dama muhimmanci ka'idojin, da nuna model na duniya.

Me gaya Vladimir Vernadsky?

A biosphere - mai rai yanayi na Duniya - ba zai dawo da baya a jihar, don haka ya canjãwa duk lokaci. Amma rai al'amari yana da wani m geochemical tasiri a kan duniya kewaye da mu.

Cikin yanayin duniya - a biogenic samuwar, kamar yadda gwagwarmayar oxygen a duniya shi ne ya fi muhimmanci fiye da yaki ga abinci.

A mafi yawan iko kuma bambancin rayuwa karfi a duniya shi ne wani kwayan, bude ko da Leeuwenhoek.

A 1943, masana kimiyya aka bayar da Order kuma da Stalin Prize. A farkon rabin albashin farfesa ya a tsaron gida Gida Asusun kuma na biyu ya ciyar a kan sayan ma'aunan kasa collections na Rasha Academy of Sciences.

Vernadsky ta rukunan game da biosphere da noosphere

Noosphere - wani Hadakar ma'aunan kasa ambulan na Duniya, wanda aka kafa a sakamakon al'adu da fasaha da ayyukan 'yan adam, kazalika da na halitta mamaki da kuma matakai. A mafi muhimmanci tenet na ra'ayi shi ne rawar da m rinjayar mutane a kan muhalli.

Vernadsky ta rukunan game da biosphere da noosphere nazarin zargin sani a sakamakon wata ma'ana juyin halitta. Har ila yau, farfesa ya iya hango ko hasashen fadada daga cikin iyakoki na noosphere, ma'ana samun wani mutum a cikin sarari. A cewar Vernadsky, da noosphere ne kafuwar jituwa da na halitta kyakkyawa da mutum. Saboda haka, wanda yake baiwa da dalili, ka mai da hankali tare da wannan jituwa da ba su hallaka shi.

Masomin fitowan na noosphere ne fitowan a cikin rayuwar mutum na farko da kayayyakin aiki da kuma wuta - don haka sai ya juya zuwa ga amfani da dabba kuma shuka duniya, ya fara m tafiyar matakai na halittar horar da shuke-shuke, kuma da domestication na dabbobi. Kuma yanzu mutumin bai fara aiki a matsayin m kasancewarsa, kuma a mahalicci.

Amma da kimiyya da hulda tare da nazari na cutarwa ayyuka na 'yan adam a cikin yanayi, ya bayyana bayan mutuwar Vernadsky da kuma kira da lafiyar qasa. Amma wannan kimiyya ba nazarin ma'aunan kasa ayyuka na mutane da nasa sakamakon.

Taimako zuwa kimiyya

Vladimir Ivanovich ya sanya da yawa muhimmanci binciken. Daga 1888 zuwa 1897 da masanin kimiyyar ɓullo da manufar silicates, m da rarrabuwa na siliceous mahadi, kuma ma ya gabatar da ra'ayi na kaolin tsakiya.

A 1890-1911 gg. Ya zama kafa kayyade mineralogy installing musamman sadarwa tsakanin ma'adinai crystallization Hanyar, kazalika da abun da ke ciki da kuma samuwar Farawa.

Rasha masana kimiyya Vernadsky taimaka wajen tsara da kuma tsarin ilmi a fagen geochemistry. Da masu bincike na farko gudanar da wani cikakke nazari ba wai kawai cikin yanayin duniya, amma kuma da lithosphere da hydrosphere. A 1907 ya zamo farkon radiogeology.

A cikin shekaru 1916-1940 tsare da babban ka'idodinta biogeochemistry, kuma ya kasance marubucin rukunan da Muciya, kuma ta ci gaba. Vernadskiy Vladimir Ivanovich, da bude daga wanda buga dukan duniya, ya iya karatu da gwada yawa abun ciki na live abubuwa na jiki, kazalika da geochemical ayyuka da cewa su yi. Ya gabatar da manufar gwamnatin rikon kwarya na biosphere cikin noosphere.

A 'yan kalmomi game da biosphere

A tsarin da Muciya, bisa ga kiyasin da Vladimir Ivanovich, sun bakwai main iri material:

1. Warwatse kwayoyin halitta.
2. Abubuwa sakamakon daga mai rai.
3. The abubuwa na cosmic asalin.
4. Abubuwa kafa waje rayuwa.
5. Abubuwa na rediyoaktif lalace.
6. Biokostnye.
7. Abu mai rai.

Menene Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, ya san kowane kai mutunta mutum. Ya yi imani da cewa kowane abu mai rai zai iya ci gaba ne kawai a real sarari, wanda aka halin da wasu tsarin. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na rayuwa al'amarin yayi dace da sarari, duk da haka mafi abubuwa, da karin irin wannan sarari.

Amma miƙa mulki na biosphere cikin noosphere aka tare da dalilai da dama:

1. Shiri na Homo sapiens fadin surface na duniyarmu, kazalika da ta cin nasara, kuma mamayar kan sauran halittu masu rai.
2. Halittar wani hadade bayanai tsarin ga dukkan bil'adama.
3. A samu na sabon kafofin samar da makamashi (kamar musamman nukiliya). Bayan da irin ci gaban da dan Adam bai samu mai da muhimmanci sosai da kuma iko ma'aunan kasa karfi.
4. A ikon sarrafa da mutum talakawa.
5. Girma a cikin yawan mutanen da suka tsunduma a kimiyya. Wannan factor ma ya ba da mutãne wani sabon yanki da karfi.

Vladimir Vernadsky, wanda taimako ga ilmin halitta ne invaluable, ya kaffa da yi imani da cewa babu ja ci gaban ilmin kimiyya - wannan ne kawai gwaji shaida wanzu ci gaba.

ƙarshe

Vernadsky Prospekt - mafi tsawo titi a Moscow, wadda take kaiwa zuwa kudu maso yammacin babban birnin kasar. Its asalin daukan game Geochemistry Institute, wanda ya kafa da kuma wadanda ba masana kimiyya, da kuma ƙare da Academy of Gaba Staff. Saboda haka, shi ya nuna gudunmawar Vernadsky a kimiyya, wanda aka nuna a cikin tsaro na kasar. A wannan prospectus, kamar yadda mafarkin na masanin kimiyya, akwai da dama da cibiyoyin bincike da koyarwa jami'o'i.

The kamu da kuma bambancin da kimiyya na gaba na binciken kimiyya Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky ta daraja, watakila, baya daga sauran manyan masana kimiyya na zamaninmu. Sun fi mayar for kyaututukan da ya samu, ya godewa malamai. Sau da yawa da ya yi yaƙi domin rayuwar abokai da dalibai wadanda suke da punitive tsarin. Godiya ga wani haske hankali da kuma damar iya yin komai fice, tare da sauran masana kimiyya ya iya ya halicci wani karfi cibiyoyin bincike na duniya muhimmancin.

Wannan mutum rayuwar ƙare abruptly.

25 ga Disamba, 1944 Vladimir Ivanovich ce wa matarsa ta kawo kofi. Kuma yayin da ta je ta kitchen, da masanin kimiyyar ya mai kwakwalwa hemorrhage. A irin wannan masifa ta sãme mahaifinsa, da ɗan jin tsoro ya mutu guda mutuwa. Bayan da ya faru, da masanin kimiyyar rayu goma sha uku kwanaki, da kuma taba regained. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky mutu Janairu 6, 1945.