Nobel Prize nasara Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet a kimiyyar lissafi, da tattalin arziki, da kuma wallafe-wallafen

An ba da lambar yabo ta Nobel kowace shekara a Stockholm (Sweden), kuma a Oslo (Norway). Ana la'akari da su kyauta mafi girma a duniya. Kafa su Alfred Nobel - Sweden kirkiro, masanin ilimin harsuna, tycoon, humanist da kuma Falsafa. Ya gangara a tarihi kamar yadda ya kirkiro Dynamite (wanda aka jadadda mallaka a 1867), taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bunkasa masana'antu na duniya tamu. A cikin shawarar da Alfred Nobel ya yi, an ce, dukiyarsa za ta zama asusun wanda ya sa ya ba da kyaututtuka ga waɗanda suka gudanar da babbar nasara ga bil'adama.

Lambar Nobel

A yau, ana ba da kyauta a fannin ilmin sunadarai, ilimin lissafi, magani, da wallafe-wallafen. Har ila yau, an ba shi kyautar zaman lafiya.

Za a wakiltar 'yan Nobel na Rasha a wallafe-wallafen, ilimin lissafi da tattalin arziki a cikin labarinmu. Za ku fahimci labarinsu, bincikenku, nasarorinku.

Farashin lambar yabo na Nobel ya yi tsawo. A shekara ta 2010, yawanta ya kai dala miliyan 1.5.

An kafa asusun Nobel a shekarar 1890.

Laurarin lambar kyautar Nobel na Rasha

Ƙasarmu na iya yin alfahari da sunayen da suka ɗaukaka shi a fannin ilimin lissafi, wallafe-wallafe, da kuma tattalin arziki. Malaman Nobel na Rasha da kuma USSR a wadannan yankunan sune:

• Bunin IA (wallafe-wallafen) - 1933.
• Cherenkov PA, Frank IM da Tamm IE (kimiyya) - 1958.
• Pasternak BL (wallafe-wallafen) - 1958 shekara.
• Landau LD (Physics) - 1962.
• Basov NG da Prokhorov AM (Physics) - 1964.
• Sholokhov MA (littattafai) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn AI (wallafe-wallafe) - 1970 shekara.
• Kantorovich LV (Tattalin Arziki) - 1975 shekara.
• Kapitsa PL (Physics) - 1978.
• Brodsky IA (wallafe-wallafen) - shekarar 1987.
• Alferov Zh.I. (Physics) - shekara 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. kuma Ginzburg, L. (kimiyyar lissafi) - 2003;
• Game Andr da Novoselov Konstantin (kimiyya) - shekara 2010.

Muna fata cewa jerin za su ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Lauren Nobel da Rasha da USSR, wadanda sunayenmu da muka ambata a sama, ba su da cikakken wakilci, amma a cikin irin wadannan fannin kimiyya, littattafai da tattalin arziki. Bugu da} ari, an lura da adadin} asarmu, a maganin likita da kuma ilmin lissafi, sunadarai, kuma sun samu lambar yabo ta Duniya. Amma zamu magana game da su wani lokaci.

Lauren Nobel a kimiyya

Yawancin likitoci daga kasarmu an ba da kyauta mai girma. Za mu gaya game da wasu daga cikinsu.

Tamm Igor Evgenevich

An haifi Tamm Igor Evgenievich (1895-1971) a Vladivostok. Shi dan dan injiniya ne. A lokacin shekara, na kasance a Scotland a Jami'ar Edinburgh, amma sai ya koma gida, ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1918 daga Faculty of Physics. Masana kimiyya na gaba ya tafi gaban a yakin duniya na farko, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan'uwa na jinƙai. A 1933 ya kare kundin digiri na digiri, kuma a shekara ta 1934, ya zama ɗan bincike a Cibiyar Harkokin Kiyaye. Lebedev. Wannan masanin kimiyya ya yi aiki a fannonin kimiyya, wadanda ba a binciko su ba. Saboda haka, ya yi nazarin ilimin (wanda shine, dangane da shahararrun ka'idar dangancin da Albert Einstein ya ba da shi), da kuma ka'idar atomatik. A karshen shekarun talatin, tare da IM Frank, ya yi nasara wajen bayyana sakamakon Cherenkov-Vavilov-haske mai haske na wani ruwa da ya taso a ƙarƙashin rinjayar radar gamma. A saboda wannan bincike ne ya karbi kyautar Nobel. Amma Igor Evgenevich kansa yayi la'akari da nasarorin da ya samu a kimiyya kamar yadda yake aiki akan nazarin kwayoyin farko da kwayar atomatik.

Landau Lev Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) an haife shi a Baku. Mahaifinsa ya aiki a matsayin injiniyan man. Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha uku, masanin kimiyya mai zuwa ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar fasaha da bambanci, kuma yana da shekaru 19, a 1927, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Leningrad. Lev Davidovich ya ci gaba da karatunsa a matsayin] aya daga cikin] aliban da suka fi karatun digiri, a fannin tikitin na Commissar na Jama'a. A nan sai ya halarci taron da manyan masana kimiyya na Turai suka yi - Paul Dirac da Max Born. Landau, bayan ya dawo ƙasarsa, ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Lokacin da ya kai shekaru 26, ya kai digiri na likita, kuma a shekara ya zama malami. Tare da Lifshitz Yevgeny Mikhailovich, ɗaya daga cikin dalibansa, ya ƙaddamar da wata hanya ga daliban digiri da dalibai a fannin kimiyyar lissafi. PL Kapitza ya gayyaci Lev Davidovich ya yi aiki a makarantarsa a shekara ta 1937, amma bayan watanni da dama sai aka kama masanin kimiyya a kan laifin karya. Ya shafe tsawon shekara a kurkuku ba tare da bege na ceto ba, sai kawai roko ga Stalin Kapitza ya ceci rayuwarsa: An saki Landau.

Gwaninta na wannan masanin kimiyyar yana da yawa. Ya bayyana irin wannan abu kamar yadda yawanci na helium na ruwa, ya halicci ka'idarsa na ruwa mai zurfi, kuma yayi nazari akan ƙaddamar da wani plasma na lantarki.

Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich

Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich da Baso Nikolai Gennadievich, 'yan Nobel na Rasha a fannin kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafi, sun karbi wannan kyauta mai girma don ƙirƙirar laser.

An haifi Prokhorov ne a Ostiraliya a shekara ta 1916, inda iyayensa suka rayu tun 1911. An kori su zuwa Siberiya ta hanyar gwamnatin tsarya, sannan suka gudu zuwa waje. A 1923, dukan dangin masana kimiyya a nan gaba suka koma kungiyar ta USSR. Alexander Mikhailovich ya kammala digiri tare da girmamawa daga sashen ilimin lissafi na Jami'ar Leningrad kuma yayi aiki tun 1939 a Cibiyar. Lebedev. Ya nasarorin kimiyya sun haɗa da radiophysics. Masanin kimiyya ya dauki sha'awar watsa labaran tun daga shekarar 1950 kuma tare da Basov Nikolay Gennadievich ya ci gaba da yin amfani da su - masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta. Saboda wannan ƙirar, an samo hanyar da za a ƙirƙirar isasshen rediyo. Irin wannan bincike, wanda ya kasance daga abokan aiki na Soviet, Charles Townes, masanin kimiyya na Amirka ne ya gudanar, don haka yan kwamitin sun yanke shawarar raba wannan kyautar tsakaninsa da masanan kimiyyar Soviet.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

Bari mu ci gaba da jerin sunayen "'yan Nobel na Rasha a kimiyya". Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) an haife shi a Kronstadt. Mahaifinsa shi ne mayajan soja, Janar Janar, kuma mahaifiyarsa mai karba da labarun gargajiya da kuma mashahurin malamin. P.L. Kapitsa a shekara ta 1918 ya kammala karatunsa daga Cibiyar a St. Petersburg, inda ya yi karatu tare da Ioffe Abram Fedorovich, masanin kimiyyar farfadowa. Bisa ga yanayin yakin basasa da juyin juya hali ba zai yiwu a shiga kimiyya ba. Matar Kapitsa, da kuma 'ya'yansa biyu, sun mutu a lokacin annobar typhus. Masanin kimiyya ya koma England a 1921. A nan ya yi aiki a mashahurin Cambridge, jami'ar jami'a, kuma masanin kimiyya Ernest Rutherford, masanin kimiyya ne. A 1923, Peter Leonidovich ya zama likita na kimiyya, kuma shekaru biyu daga baya - daya daga cikin mambobi na Kolejin Trinity - ƙungiyar masu ilimin kimiyya.

Petr Leonidovich ya fi yawan aikin likita. Musamman yana sha'awar ilimin lissafi na yanayin zafi. Musamman don bincikensa a Burtaniya tare da taimakon Rutherford, an gina ɗakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma tun daga 1934 masanin kimiyya ya kirkiro wani sashi wanda aka tsara domin haɗin gwargwadon helium. Petr Leonidovich sau da yawa a gida a cikin wadannan shekarun, kuma a yayin ziyara da jagorancin Soviet Union ya sa masana kimiyya su zauna. A cikin 1930 zuwa 1934, an gina dakin gwaje-gwaje don gina shi a kasarmu. A ƙarshe, ba a sake shi daga Sashen Harkokin Jakadancin Amirka ba a lokacin ziyararsa. Saboda haka Kapitza ya ci gaba da bincikensa a nan, kuma ya ci nasara a shekarar 1938 don gano abin mamaki. A wannan shekarar 1978 an ba shi kyautar Nobel.

Game Andr da Novoselov Konstantin

Geim André da Novoselov Konstantin, 'yan Nobel na Rasha a fannin ilimin lissafi, sun sami kyautar yabo a 2010 don gano graphene. Wannan sabon abu ne wanda ke ba ka dama ƙara yawan gudun yanar gizo. Kamar yadda ya fito, zai iya kama, kuma ya sake mayar da wutar lantarki yawan haske, fiye da sau 20, fiye da duk kayan da aka sani. An gano wannan binciken a shekara ta 2004. Don haka jerin sunayen "'yan Nobel na Rasha na ƙarni 21" sun kara da cewa.

Litattafan Lissafi

Kasashenmu sun kasance sanannun sanannun fasaha. Mutane da wasu lokuta da rikice-rikice ra'ayoyin da ra'ayoyin - Kiristoci na Nobel na Rasha a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Saboda haka, AI Solzhenitsyn da IA Bunin sun kasance masu adawa da ikon Soviet. Amma MA Sholokhov an san shi a matsayin kwaminisanci mai yarda. Duk da haka, duk wadanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel ta Rasha sun haɗu da juna guda ɗaya. A gare shi an ba su kyauta mai girma. "Yawancin sunayen 'yan Nobel a Rasha a cikin wallafe-wallafen?" - ka tambayi. Mun amsa: akwai biyar kawai daga cikinsu. Yanzu za mu gabatar muku da wasu daga cikinsu.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) an haife shi ne a Moscow a cikin gidan Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, shahararrun masanin wasa. Mahaifiyar marubuci mai zuwa, Rosalie Isidorovna, wani dan wasa ne mai basira. Watakila shine dalilin da ya sa Boris Leonidovich ya yi mafarki game da aikin mai wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin yaro, har ma ya koyi music daga Scriabin kansa, amma sha'awar waƙar ya lashe. Tsarki ya tabbata ga Boris Leonidovich ya zo da shayari, da kuma littafin "Doctor Zhivago", wanda ya sadaukar da shi ga irin nasarorin da ya samu daga masanan kimiyyar Rasha, ya yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Gaskiyar ita ce, masu gyara na mujallolin wallafe-wallafe guda ɗaya, wanda marubucin ya ba da rubutunsa, ya ɗauki aikin nan na Soviet kuma ya ƙi buga shi. Daga bisani Boris Leonidovich ya sauya tsarinsa a kasashen waje, zuwa Italiya, inda aka buga shi a shekarar 1957. Sojojin abokan tarayyar Soviet gaskiyar wallafa littafi a yammacin da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa, sannan aka fitar da Boris Leonidovich daga kungiyar 'yan jaridu. Amma wannan littafi ne wanda ya sanya shi lalatin Nobel. Da farko a 1946, marubucin da mawaki sun zaba don wannan kyauta, amma an ba su ne a 1958.

Kyautar wannan kyautar yabo ga irin wannan, a ra'ayin mutane da yawa, aikin Soviet a gida ya haifar da fushi daga hukumomin. A sakamakon haka, Boris Leonidovich, a karkashin barazanar fitar da shi daga USSR, an tilasta masa ya ki karbar kyautar Nobel. Shekaru 30 bayan haka, Yevgeny Borisovich, ɗan marubucin marubuta, ya karbi lambar yabo da takardar shaidar mahaifinsa.

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich

Sakamakon Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich bai kasance mai ban mamaki da ban sha'awa ba. An haife shi ne a shekarar 1918 a birnin Kislovodsk, kuma yaran da shekarun da suka gabata na labaran Nobel sun kasance a Rostov-on-Don da Novocherkassk. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Rostov na ilimin lissafi da ilimin lissafi, Alexander Isaevich ya zama malami kuma a lokaci guda ya sami ilimi a cikin bazuwa a Moscow, a Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi. Bayan fashewar War Warrior, laureate na gaba mafi kyawun kyauta ya tafi gaba.

An kama Solzhenitsyn ba da daɗewa ba kafin karshen yakin. Dalilin haka shi ne zarginsa game da Joseph Stalin, wanda aka samu a rubuce-rubuce na marubuta ta hanyar yin aikin soja. Sai kawai a 1953, bayan mutuwar Joseph Vissarionovich, an sake shi. Mujallar "Sabon Duniya" a 1962 ta wallafa littafin farko na wannan marubucin da ake kira "Wata rana na Ivan Denisovich", wanda ke ba da labarin rayuwar mutane a sansanin. Literary mujallu mafi daga cikin wadannan ayyuka na Solzhenitsyn buga ƙiya. Dalilin da aka kira su ne na maganin Soviet. Amma Alexander Isaevich bai daina ba. Kamar Pasternak, ya aika da rubuce-rubucensa a waje, inda aka buga su. A 1970 an ba shi kyautar Nobel a litattafai. A bikin gabatarwa a Stockholm, marubucin bai tafi ba, domin hukumomin Soviet bai yarda da shi barin kasar ba. A cikin USSR, wakilan kwamitin Nobel, wadanda za su gabatar da kyautar ga laureate a mahaifarsa, ba a yarda su ba.

Amma ga mawallafin marubucin, a shekarar 1974 an tura shi daga kasar. Da farko ya zauna a Switzerland, sa'an nan kuma ya koma Amurka, inda aka ba shi lambar yabo na Nobel da dogon lokaci. A Yammaci, irin wannan sanannun aiki kamar Gulag Archipelago, A First Circle, da kuma Cibiyar Cancer Corps aka buga. Solzhenitsyn ya koma Rasha a 1994.

Waɗannan su ne 'yan Nobel na Rasha. Za a ƙara lissafi tare da wani suna, wanda ba za'a iya watsi ba.

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich

Za mu gaya muku game da wani babban marubuci na Rasha, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. Yanayinsa ya bambanta da na abokan hamayyar Soviet (Pasternak da Solzhenitsyn), saboda an tallafa wa jihar. An haifi Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1905-1980) a kan Don. Daga nan sai ya bayyana ƙauyen Veshenskaya, ƙananan gidaje, a cikin ayyukan da yawa. Mikhail Sholokhov ya gama karatun 4 ne kawai. Ya shiga cikin yakin basasa, yana kula da kwance gurasar daga yankin Cossacks mai kyau. Mai rubutaccen marubuci a lokacin yaro ya ji kiransa. A 1922 ya zo Moscow, kuma bayan watanni da yawa ya fara buga labarun farko a mujallu da jaridu. A cikin 1926 an tattara abubuwan da aka tattara "Azure steppe", da kuma "Don labaru". A shekara ta 1925, aikin ya fara ne a cikin littafin "Quiet Flows the Don", wanda aka keɓe ga rayuwar Cossacks a wani juyi (yakin basasa, juyin juya hali, yakin duniya na). A 1928, hasken ɓangaren farko na wannan aikin, kuma a cikin shekaru 30 da aka kammala, ya zama babban aikin Sholokhov. A shekarar 1965, an ba marubuci kyautar Nobel a litattafai.

Lauren Nobel na Rasha a cikin tattalin arziki

Ƙasarmu a cikin wannan yanki ya nuna kanta ba kamar yadda yake a cikin wallafe-wallafe da kuma ilmin lissafi ba, inda akwai laureates na Rasha. Ya zuwa yanzu, daya daga cikin 'yan'uwanmu sun sami lambar yabo a cikin tattalin arziki. Bari muyi magana game da shi.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalyevich

Ana kiran wakilan Nobel na Rasha a cikin tattalin arziki da sunan daya kawai. Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich (1912-1986) ne kawai masanin tattalin arziki daga Rasha, aka ba wannan lambar yabo. An haifi masanin kimiyya a cikin likita a St. Petersburg. Iyayensa sun gudu zuwa Belarus a lokacin yakin basasa, inda suka zauna a shekara. Vitaly Kantorovich, mahaifin Leonid Vitalievich, ya mutu a 1922. A 1926, masanin ilimin kimiyya na gaba ya shiga Jami'ar Leningrad, wanda ya yi karatu, banda ilimin halitta, tarihin zamani, tattalin arziki, ilmin lissafi. Ya sauke karatun digirin ilmin lissafi a shekarun 18, a 1930. Bayan haka, Kantorovich ya kasance a jami'a a matsayin malami. A 22, Leonid Vitalievich ya zama farfesa, kuma a shekara guda - kuma likita. A 1938 an nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na masana'antar plywood, inda aka yi masa aiki da samar da hanya don rarraba albarkatun da zai kara yawan aiki. Don haka hanyar da aka samo asali ta samo asali. A shekara ta 1960, masanin kimiyya ya koma Novosibirsk, inda a wancan lokaci an gina cibiyar yanar gizo, mafi girman ci gaba a kasar. A nan ya ci gaba da bincikensa. A Novosibirsk, masanin kimiyya ya rayu har 1971. A wannan lokacin ya sami kyautar Lenin. A shekara ta 1975, an ba shi kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel, tare da T. Kupmans, wanda ya karbi don taimakawa ga ka'idar gyaran kayan.

Wadannan su ne manyan marubucin Nobel na Rasha. 2014 aka alama ta hanyar samun lambar yabo ta Patrick Modiano (littattafai), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (masanin kimiyya). Jean Tyrol ya sami lambar yabo a fannin tattalin arziki. Daga cikin su, 'yan Nobel na Rasha ba su halarta. 2013 kuma ba ta kawo wannan lambar yabo ba ga 'yan'uwanmu. Dukan laureates sun kasance wakilan sauran jihohi.