Ben Bernanke da ra'ayoyi a kan tattalin arzikin

Ben Shalom Bernanke ya hau kan shugaban Board of gwamnonin na Tarayya Reserve System 01.02.06, ya maye gurbin shi Alan Grinspena. Congress yanke shawarar haka saboda Bernanke san yadda manufofin kudi ya gudummawar da girma mawuyacin, kuma ya yi ĩmãni da hauhawar farashin kaya niyya.

rikicin manajan

Domin ya hana a duniya ciki a farkon matakai na banki rikicin, shi ne ya halitta a yawan m kayan aikin da Fed.

Bernanke ya jagoranci US Tarayya Reserve, a lokacin da shi ya zama wani sabon rawa yin, misali, tsira Bear Stearns da inshora giant of AIG, ba su da wani $ 150 biliyan agaji. Don dakatar duniya tsoro, da Fed lent ga cibiyoyin kudin $ 540 biliyan.

Ben Bernanke (hoto dauka daga baya a cikin labarin) kuma tura fadada ayyukan a bude kasuwar, a lokacin da a kanta rage sha'awa rates ba isa ya sa an kawo karshen rikicin a 2008. Ya bi manufar lokaci guda rage tsawon lokaci amfani rates da kuma kara da gajere.

Ben Bernanke ya sauka a matsayin shugaban na Fed ta Janairu 31, 2014 ya aka maye gurbinsu da tsohon mataimakin shugaban Tarayya Reserve Dzhenet Yellen, wanda shi ne m zuwa ga manufofin.

Muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Amurka

Shugaban Tarayya Reserve Ben Bernanke ya alhakin gudanar da Amurka monetary siyasa. Muhimmancin rawar da Tarayya Reserve ya karu da yawa a kan na karshe shekaru goma, a matsayin babbar kasa bashi wahalad da kasafin kudi siyasa management. A matsayin wakilin na Tarayya Reserve Bernanke shi ne shugaban tattalin arziki gwani na kasar, kuma da maganarsa da wani tasiri a kan kasuwar jari da dollar. A lokacin da ya zama shugaban Tarayya Reserve System shi ne mafi muhimmanci mutum a Amurka sabili da haka, a tattalin arzikin duniya.

Mukaddashin shugaban Tarayya Reserve

Duk da cewa da definition da kuma aiwatar da manufofin kudi ya kasance Tarayya kwamitin bude kasuwar ayyukan, da Fed shugaban al'ada daukan gubar. Tun da ya aka nada shekaru hudu, shi ana sa ran cewa shi ne mafi m fiye da wani zabe na aikin wanda yake da alhakin da masu jefa} uri'a. Wannan damar da Fed aiki a cikin dogon lokaci, maimakon maida martani ga gajere siyasa matsin lamba. Tools da Fed, kamar tarayya kudi kudi, aiki sannu a hankali, na tsawon watanni shida. A US tattalin arziki shi ne kamar wani babban jirgin yana bukatar wani m shugabanci. Monetary siyasa "tasha-je" kaiwa zuwa da rashin tabbas, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin manyan Sanadin stagflation na 1970s.

Rikicin na 2008 birnin

Idan Bernanke ne sosai ir} iro, na amfani da kayayyakin aiki, samuwa da ita. Previous shugabannin kawai amfani tarayya kudi kudi - kiwon shi zuwa dakatar da hauhawar farashin kaya, ko saukar da su hana wani koma bayan tattalin arziki. A lokacin daga Satumba 2007 zuwa Disamba 2008 Bernanke karfi da rage kudi sau 10 daga 5.25% zuwa 0%.

Amma shi bai isa ya mayar da liquidity na bankuna, panicked bayan tsoho na subprime jinginar gidaje. Wadannan rance an sake tsarafa su da kuma sayar da jinginar gida-goyon baya Securities haka rikitarwa cewa babu wanda gaske ba zai iya gane wanda yake da mummunan basusuka.

A sakamakon haka, bankuna sun tsaya na rance ga gajere, wanda mafi yawa ana amfani da wata hanya ta saduwa da Fed ta ajiye bukatun. A Bernanke ta mayar da martani ga su annashuwa, da saukar da amfani rates, kuma a karshe, ya ya ba da rancen kudi ta hanyar da rangwame taga.

Lokacin da yake bai isa ba, a cikin watan Disamba 2007, ya halicci Taf asusun ta hanyar abin da na Fed lent bankuna biliyoyin daloli, shan a matsayin na biyu bad basusuka. Taf ya kamata ya zama wani wucin gadi awo sai da kudi cibiyoyin ba a rubuta kashe bad basusuka, da kuma sake fara zuwa ara wa juna. Lokacin da wannan bai faru ba, da Taf da aka samun ya fi girma, kai wani ganiya da $ 1 trillion a watan Yuni 2008.

A ceton duniya kudi tsarin

Bernanke ya aiki tare da bankunan tsakiya a duniya don mayar liquidity, idan bashi kasuwanni bayar da umarnin rike. Ya yawaita overnights kuma gajere bashi canza Lines aka tsara don kula da stock na Amurka waje a lokacin da ciniki tare da sauran kasashe zuwa 180 dala biliyan. Wannan ya zama dole domin bankunan fara tsoro kara haja tsabar kudi. Suka ji tsoro su ara wa juna, domin ba su so su zauna tare da samu daga subprime jinginar gidaje.

A watan Afrilu 2008, Tarayyar Reserve Shugaban Ben Bernanke da aka gudanar ta farko m zaman na karshe shekaru 30 a tabbatar da Bear Stearns rance haka cewa JP Morgan zai saya su. Yana yiwuwa don kauce wa wani tsoho a cikin adadin 10 tiriliyan daloli, wanda mallakar Bear Stearns, da kuma bankunan sun iya watanni da dama don hargowa da taimako. A lokacin II sq. A 2008 da tattalin arzikin girma, da kuma da yawa zaton cewa wani bala'i aka hanãwa.

Amma a watan Satumba 2008, duniya ta babbar inshora kamfanin AIG sanar da yiwu fatarar. AIG Worldwide inshora jinginar gida rance na iyaka sun daloli. Idan kamfanin ya kasa, to, dã sun ji rauni kowane banki, shinge asusun da fanshon matsayin kadara da jinginar gida-goyon baya Securities. Bernanke ya ce AIG support fusatar da shi fiye da wani abu a lokacin da koma bayan tattalin arziki. AIG dauki kasada a kan wadanda ba kayyade kayayyakin, kamar bashi default swaps, ta amfani da tsabar kudi policyholders yawan jama'a.

zargi

Mutane da yawa 'yan majalisar da kuma tattalin arziki sun soki "helikofta Ben," ga allura a cikin tattalin arzikin na da yawa iyaka sun daloli, wanda zai iya yiwuwar sa hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma wani karuwa a bashi. Wasu zargi wannan a gaskiyar cewa yana kawai bai foresee wani koma bayan tattalin arziki. Ya aka tuhuma da voye bayanai game da bankuna da cewa sun samu har zuwa $ 2 tiriliyan da Taf rance. Dan majalisa Ron Pol da sauransu sun yi kira ga Fed duba domin ya nuna єtih finansovіh sunayen cibiyoyi. Ben Bernanke, da sake dubawa na wanda da yawa majalisar kasance ba sosai flattering, kasai ba samun sake-ganawa a watan Janairu 2010. Amma Obama yi shi tare da sauƙi.

Rayuwa bayan ritaya

Jim kadan bayan da murabus zo da wani littafi daga tunanin game da rikicin da nasa sakamakon, marubucin wanda ya Ben Bernanke. "Rashin tsoro da aiki" ya bayyana lokacin da ya mulki a kai na Fed, da kuma ma ya ƙunshi wani furci cewa ya daina wani Republican domin ya gaji da "predisposition na membobin wannan jam'iyyar zuwa ga jãhilci daga cikin matsananci dama." A cewar shi, a yau shi ne mai tsakaitãwa, kuma m tunani kasance haka a nan gaba.

Bugu da kari, shi ne marubucin littattafai da dama a kan tattalin arziki, ciki har da:

• "Non-monetary sakamakon da rikicin kudi a yaduwa daga cikin girma mawuyacin"
• "Macroeconomics na girma mawuyacin"
• "Bugu da kari kuma Targeting: Darasi na kasa da kasa Experience"
• littafi "Macroeconomics" (Ben Bernanke, Endryu Abel).

A watan Fabrairu 2014, ya zama wani girmamawa da cikakken memba na Brookings Institution. Shawara Hutchins Center a sanar da jama'a game da haraji da kuma monitarnoy siyasa da kuma inganta harkokin ingancinta.

Ben Bernanke: biography

Bernanke aka haife kan 13/12/53 a Augusta (GA), kuma ya girma a Dillon (South Carolina). Ben mahaifina shi ne mai harhaɗa magunguna, da kuma mahaifiyarsa - wani malami.

A shekaru 12, ya lashe jihar da kuskure gasar ga ilmi. Ya koyar da kansa bambanci da na game ilimin lissafi, tun da wannan batu ba ya nan daga makaranta. Ben taka leda altsaksofone.

Ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Harvard (1975) da kuma samu ya Ph.D. a MIT (1979).

Ben Bernanke da matarsa Anna sun aure May 29, 1978 Suna da 'ya'ya biyu.

Ya fara koyar da tattalin arziki a Stanford University, inda ya yi aiki a 1979-1985, bi da bi. Cikakken farfesa ne, ya zama a cikin shekarar 1985, lokacin da ya koma Princeton University, da kuma yi aiki a matsayin ziyartar farfesa a New York University da MIT. Ya buga yadu a kan wani fanni na tattalin arziki batutuwa da dama, a Vol. H. A cikin batutuwa na macroeconomics, monetary siyasa, babban mawuyacin da kasuwanci sake zagayowar.

Ya samu wani Guggenheim Fellowship da kuma wani Sloan Foundation, da kuma a shekara ta 2001 ya zama editan "American tattalin arziki Review". A shekara ya aka nada wani memba na Fed ta Board of gwamnonin, kuma ya zama da aka sani da ya sosai da bincike da kuma diflomasiyya, a lokacin da ra'ayin bambanta, a tsakanin gwamnonin. Bernanke siyasa tasiri zama bayyananne a farkon shekarar 2005 lokacin da ya nada Shugaban Hukumar shugaban kasar a kan al'amurran da suka shafi tattalin arziki.

A shekara ta 2009, "Lokaci" mujallar mai suna shi Man na bana.

falsafa

Ben Bernanke ya kasa outspoken fiye da Greenspan, suka kai a kai magana a kan batutuwa da suka shafi ba monetary siyasa, ciki har da commenting a kan kasafin kudin gaira da kuma haraji cuts. Ya kuma aka yi wani aiki taimako ga mafi m Tarayya Reserve System, wanda a fili bambanta da shi daga "fedyaza" Greenspan, wanda ya yi amfani da su kasuwanni ba overreacted wa comments.

Source na bayanai, wanda damar samun wani ra'ayin game da sirri falsafa, bayar da shawarwari da Ben Bernanke - littattafai da kuma tattalin arziki comments.

kumbura niyya

Ben Bernanke, da Fed canza hanya na lokaci Greenspan ya fara kafa musamman na lamba manufa domin kumbura. Duk da yake mutane da yawa Bankunan kasashen Turai, ciki har da bankin Ingila da kuma Turai Central Bank, kafa musamman hari, Amurka ba, kuma Greenspan ya ba wani mai goyon bayan irin wannan fuskanta.

A cikin farkon zamanin Bernanke wadannan asali falsafa da kuma stylistic bambance-bambance da Greenspan ya zuga kasuwa. Da yiwuwar motsi zuwa da manufofin da niyya damu wasu manazarta, kamar yadda Greenspan ya taba yi kokarin kiyaye wani m fare. Wannan awkwardness aka shafe lokacin da Bernanke tsaya bayyana takamaiman Figures.

Tun daga nan ya ci gaba da manufofin da na mafi gaskiya daga cikin Fed, musamman a lokacin da a karshen shekara ta 2007 ya karu da mita na kintace. Tarayya Reserve fara buga kwata kintace ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma farashin, idan aka kwatanta da baya Semi-shekara-shekara. Su ma suka fara rufe da uku-shekara lokacin, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru biyu baya.

deflation

A binciken da Benom Bernanke babban mawuyacin shuka a cikin shi a lifelong sha'awa a cikin effects na deflation kuma da tasiri a kan rayuwar mutane. Ya kuma samu wani karfi da qyama ga deflation da kuma mai karfi da girmamawa a kan kareshi.

Ya ji game da wannan barrantar idan a watan Nuwamba 2002 da ya ba da jawabi mai taken "Deflation: Yadda za a tabbatar da rashi." Ya kira su da ra'ayin na tattalin arziki Milton Friedman game da faduwa da kudi a cikin tattalin arzikin da helikofta. Kara liquidity na kasuwa ta kara kasancewa na kudi domin bashi da ƙananan amfani rates for aron girma taimaka inganta tattalin arzikin kasar da kuma dakatar da deflationary matsa lamba. Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin da taron, shi ne don nuna misalin jerin Fed kayan aikin da shi yana a ta dashi, ko da a karkashin yanayi na sifili kudi.

kumbura

Duk da yake kauda matsalar deflationary matsa lamba ta kara samar da kudi na iya samun wani fili inflationary sakamakon, shi ba ya nufin cewa Bernanke underestimated kumbura. Ya goyon ta niyya domin a adana gwada da low kuma barga matakan inganta] orewar ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Ben Bernanke (rumfa katin): reviews

Sunan wani shahararren masanin tattalin arziki wanda ya kawo kudi na duniya tsarin daga rikicin, bai kasa ya dauki amfani da fraudsters. "Total" for 444 rubles, da suka yi alkawari da su biya 2-59 dubu. Rubles. The umarnin suna tare da wani video, wanda yake magana da Ben Bernanke. Virtual maps, reviews na wanda za a iya samu a yanar-gizo - a tsarin na fraudulent withdrawals daga m 'yan ƙasa. Kuma bãbu abin da more.

Ben Bernanke - Economist - masani a sakamakon babban mawuyacin, daya daga cikin manyan Amurka kudi da bala'i, da kuma salon da aka kafa ta shekaru na aikin a cikin Tarayya Reserve System. Nada ci gaba cikin shakka kafa ta ya gada, kuma aka kyau samu ta kudi kasuwanni, tun da cin gaba na shugaban Fed ne key zuwa ga zaman lafiya.