A Westphalian tsarin. A auka na Westphalian tsarin da kuma samuwar wani sabon duniya domin

Westphalian tsarin - wata hanya ga gudanarwa na kasa da kasa da manufofin, kafa a Turai, a XVII karni. Yana aza harsashin ginin zamani dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma ya ba impetus ga samuwar sabuwar al'umma-jihohi.

Fage shekaru talatin da 'War

Westphalian Mulki da aka kafa a sakamakon da shekara talatin War 1618-1648 gg., A lokacin da ya hallaka kafuwar baya duniya domin. A wannan rikici shi ya kõma kusan dukkan jihohin Turai, amma da aka bisa ga adawa tsakanin Protestant da Katolika wadanada na Jamus Tsarki Roman Empire, da goyan bayan wani ɓangare na Jamus sarakuna. A ƙarshen XVI karni, da haduwa da Austria da kuma Spanish rassan da House of Habsburg halitta preconditions domin sabuntawa na daular Charles V. Amma wata matsala da 'yancin kai na Jamus Protestant iyayengiji amince Ausburgskim duniya. A 1608 da wadanada halitta a Protestant jam'iyya, tare da goyon bayan Britaniya da Faransa. A bambanci ba ta a 1609, da Katolika League da aka halitta - ally na Spain da kuma Paparoma.

Hakika na yaki 1618-1648 gg.

Bayan da Habsburgs karfafa tasiri a cikin Czech Republic, wanda a gaskiya take kaiwa zuwa da take hakkin hakkokin yan Protestants, a cikin ƙasar yunkuri. Friedrich Palatinate - tare da taimakon kungiyar Protestant sabon sarki an zabe a kasar. Daga wannan lokacin zai fara farkon lokaci na yaki - Czech. An halin da shan kashi na Protestant sojojin, kwata ƙasashe na sarki, da miƙa mulki ƙarƙashin ikon da Upper Palatinate a Bavaria, kazalika da sabuntawa na Katolika a kasar.

Biyu lokaci - Danish, wanda aka halin da baki na kasashe makwabta a cikin shakka daga tashin. Denmark na farko ya tafi yaki don kama da Baltic Coast. A wannan lokacin, sojojin anti-Habsburg kawance sha wani gagarumin shan kashi na Katolika League, da kuma Denmark suna tilasta su janye daga yaki. Tare da mamayewa na arewacin Jamus Gustavian Swedish sojojin fara yaƙin neman zaɓe. M canji fara a karshe mataki - da Franco-Swedish.

zaman lafiya na Westphalia

Bayan Faransa shiga yaki, da amfani da Protestant kungiyar ta bayyana, wannan ya kai ga bukatar ka nemi wani jayayya tsakanin jam'iyyun. A 1648 aka sanya hannu da zaman lafiya na Westphalia, wanda kunshi biyu yarjejeniyarsu, shirya a Congress of Münster da Osnabruck. Ya rubuta wani sabon ma'auni na da iko a duniya da kuma izini da Lalacewar Mai Tsarki Roman Empire cikin 'yantattun jihohi (fiye da 300).

Bugu da kari, tun da zaman lafiya na Westphalia asali nau'i na siyasa kungiyar al'umma ta zama "jihar - da al'umma", kuma da rinjaye manufa na dangantakar kasa da kasa - da mulkin kasashen. The addini bangare na yarjejeniyar da aka dauke kamar haka: a Jamus akwai adalci ga Calvinists, Lutherans, kuma Katolika.

Westphalian Mulki

Its ka'idojin sun zama haka vvyglyadet:

1. The nau'i na siyasa kungiyar na al'umma - kasa a jihar.

2. Geopolitical rashin daidaito bayyana matsayi na iko - daga m ga weaker.

3. Babban manufa dangantakar a duniya - da mulkin al'umma jihohi.

4. A tsarin siyasa ma'auni.

5. A jihar zamar masa dole ya santsi daga m rikice-rikice tsakanin talakawansa.

6. Non-kutse a cikin harkokin kasashen da juna.

7. bayyanannu kungiyar na barga iyakokin tsakanin kasashen Turai.

8. The maras duniya a yanayi. Da farko, da dokoki da kafa Westphalian tsarin, mukaddashin kawai a kan ƙasa na Turai. A tsawon lokaci, suka hadu ne da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Arewacin Amirka da Rum.

A sabon tsarin da dangantakar kasa da kasa mini iso, a duniya da kuma hadewa na al'ada, alama ƙarshen kadaici da mutum jihohi. Bugu da kari, shi ya kai ga kafa na saurin ci gaban da tsarin jari-hujja a Turai.

A ci gaba da Westphalian tsarin. 1st mataki

A bayyane yake gano multipolarity na Westphalian tsarin, inda babu wani daga cikin jihohin ba su iya cimma cikakken ikon da, da kuma babban gwagwarmayar siyasa amfani da aka yi yaƙi tsakanin Faransa da Ingila da kuma Netherlands.
A zamanin "Sun King" Louis XIV, Faransa za ta ƙara ta kasashen waje da manufofin. Yana da halin da niyyar samu sabon yankuna da kuma m tsoma baki a cikin harkokin kasashe makwabta.

A 1688, da ake kira Grand Alliance, babban matsayi a cikin abin da shagaltar da Netherlands da kuma Ingila da aka kafa. Wannan jam'iyya directed da ayyukan rage Faransa ta tasiri a cikin duniya. A kadan daga baya zuwa Netherlands da kuma Ingila, shiga da sauran abokan adawar na Louis XIV - Savoie, Spain da kuma Sweden. Sun halitta Augsburg League. A sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe, da shi da aka mayar da daya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin, wanda ya yi kira da Westphalian tsarin - da balance mulki a dangantakar kasa da kasa.

A ci gaba da Westphalian tsarin. 2nd mataki

Akwai girma da tasiri na Prussia. Wannan kasa da aka located a cikin zuciya na Turai, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar da bunqasar na Jamus yankuna. Idan Prussian da tsare-tsaren zama gaskiya, shi zai iya rushe da tushe a kan wanda ya huta Westphalian Mulki. A shirin na Prussia aka arko, kuma shekaru bakwai 'War of Austria al'adunmu. Dukansu rikice-rikice sun gurgunta da ka'idodinta m tsari, kafa bayan ƙarshen shekara talatin 'War.
Bayan karfafa Prussia, Rasha ya karu rawa a duniya. Yana kwatanta da Rasha-Swedish yaki.

A general, wani sabon lokaci a cikin abin da Westphalian tsarin ya shiga ƙarshen shekara bakwai 'War fara.

Uku mataki na wanzuwar Westphalian tsarin

da samuwar kasa jihohin fara bayan Great Faransa juyin juya halin. A wannan lokacin, jihar ne Wakili na hakkin 'yan kasarta, shi ne bayar da hujjar ka'idar "Siyasa". Its main sabawa rubuce-rubucensu shi ne cewa, kasar ta kasa yana da hakkin ya wanzu ne kawai a cikin akwati inda gẽfunanta hadu kabilanci yankuna.

Bayan ƙarshen Napoleonic Wars, da Congress of Vienna a 1815 a karon farko ya yi magana game da bukatar sauke aikin bauta, a Bugu da kari, da al'amurran da suka shafi addini toleration da kuma 'yanci.

A lokaci guda akwai zahiri da manufa na hadarin, ya yanke shawarar cewa abubuwa ne 'yan asalin jihar - wannan shi ne zalla ciki matsaloli na kasar. Wannan aka kwatanta a cikin Berlin Conference on Afirka da kuma congresses a Brussels, Geneva da kuma The Hague.

Versailles-Washington tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa

Wannan tsarin da aka kafa bayan yakin duniya na farko da kuma regrouping na sojojin a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama. Dalili na sabuwar duniya domin kai yarjejeniyar kammala a matsayin sakamakon da Paris da kuma Washington summits. A Janairu 1919, a farkon ta aiki da Paris Conference. Dalili na tattaunawa tsakanin Amurka, Faransa, Birtaniya, Italiya da kuma Japan da aka sa "14 maki" Woodrow Wilson. Ya kamata a lura da wani ɓangare na Versailles tsarin da aka halitta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar siyasa da kuma soja-dabarun dalilai na Jihar nasara a farko Duniya. A lokaci guda watsi da bukatun na ci kasashe da kuma waɗanda suke sun kawai ya bayyana a kan siyasa taswirar duniya (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, da dai sauransu). Number of yarjejeniyarsu aka izini da Lalacewar Austro-Hungarian, Rasha, Jamus da kuma Ottoman dauloli, da kuma kafa daga wani tsarin na wani sabon duniya domin.

Washington Conference

Versailles dokar da yarjejeniyar tare da Jamus, da kawayenta da aka yafi alaka kasashen Turai. A 1921-1922, ya yi aiki a matsayin da Washington taron, wanda warware matsalar na post-yaki shiri a cikin Far East. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin wannan Congress buga da Amurka da kuma Japan, kazalika da la'akari da bukatun da Ingila da kuma Faransa. A taron, za mu sanya hannu a yawan yarjejeniyarsu cewa ayyana tushen da Far Eastern subsystem. Wadannan ayyukan da zarcewa kashi na biyu na sabon duniya domin karkashin sunan da Washington tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa.

Babban manufar Amurka ya "bude kofa" Japan da kuma kasar Sin. Kuma sun samu nasara a cikin shakka daga cikin taro domin kawar da ƙungiyar na Biritaniya, da kuma Japan. Tare da ƙarshen Washington Congress ƙare cikin lokaci na samuwar wani sabon duniya domin. Samun cibiyoyin ikon, wanda ya iya ci gaba da gwada da barga tsarin dangantakar.

Ka'idojin da kuma halaye na dangantakar kasa da kasa

1. KARFAFA jagorancin Amurka, Birtaniya da kuma Faransa a kan kasa da kasa scene da kuma nuna bambanci a Jamus, Rasha, Turkiya da kuma Bulgaria. Rashin biyan bukata da sakamakon yakin, da nasara mutum kasashen. Wannan qaddara yiwuwar daukar fansa.

2. Cire daga US Turai siyasa. A gaskiya ma, wani shakka a kan kai-kadaici aka zayyana bayan gazawar da shirin B. Wilson "14 maki".

3. The canji na Amurka Turai bãshin jihohi a babban mai ba da bashi. Sama-sama mataki na dogara da wasu kasashe daga cikin United States nuna tsare-tsaren Dawes da Young.

4. The kafa League of Nations a 1919, wanda shi da wani tasiri kayan aiki don taimaka wa Versailles-Washington tsarin. Its kafa biyã sirri bukatu a dangantakar kasa da kasa (da United Kingdom da kuma Faransa sun yi kokarin m wa kansu wani rinjaye matsayi a siyasar duniya). A general, da League of Nations babu inji kula da aiwatar da ta yanke shawararta.

5. Versailles tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa ya na mai duniya yanayi.

A rikicin da ta auka

A rikicin na Washington subsystem fito riga a cikin 20s, kuma aka lalacewa ta hanyar wani m siyasa na Japan zuwa Sin. A farkon 30-ies shi aka shagaltar Manchuria, wanda aka halitta da jihar yar tsana. The League of Nations Allah wadai da Japan ta ta'adi, da kuma cewa ya fito daga wannan shiri.

A rikicin na Versailles tsarin ya qaddara karfafa Italiya da Jamus, da hukumomin da abin ya fascists da Nazis zo. Ci gaban da tsarin kasa da kasa da dangantakar a cikin 30s ya nuna cewa jami'an tsaro tsarin gina a kusa da League of Nations, shi ne kaucewa m.

Specific sakamakon da rikicin ya zama na Anschluss na Austria a watan Maris na shekara ta 1938 da kuma Munich Yarjejeniyar a watan Satumba na wannan shekara. Tun wannan lokacin ya fara sarkar dauki auka daga cikin tsarin. 1939 ya nuna cewa appeasement siyasa shi ne kaucewa m.

Versailles-Washington tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa, wanda da yawa shortcomings da shi gaba daya m, rushewarta tare da fashewa daga cikin yakin duniya na biyu.

A tsarin da ke tsakanin jihohi a biyu da rabi na XX karni

Harsashen na wani sabon duniya domin bayan da yaki na 1939-1945 da aka ɓullo da a Yalta da kuma Potsdam taro. A majalisa dauki shugabannin anti-Hitler kawancen kasashen: Stalin, Churchill da Roosevelt (daga baya Truman).
A general, da Yalta-Potsdam tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa da halin bipolarity, a matsayin manyan matsayi shagaltar da Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar wasu cibiyoyin mulki da mafi tasiri a yanayi na kasa da kasa da tsarin.

A Yalta Conference

Mahalarta na Yalta taron, ta babban makasudin ne ya hallaka Jamus sojojin kasar da kuma halittar tabbacin zaman lafiya, kamar yadda na tattaunawa da aka gudanar a cikin yanayi na yaki. A wannan majalisa ta kafa sabon iyakokin da Tarayyar Soviet (a Curzon line) da kuma Poland. Akwai sun kuma an rarraba sashi na zama a Jamus, tsakanin jihohin anti-Hitler hadaka. Wannan ya kai ga cewa kasar na da ga shekaru 45 kunshi sassa biyu - West da gabashin Jamus. Bugu da kari, akwai wani rabo na duniyoyin da tasiri a cikin Balkan yankin. Girka zo karkashin iko da Ingila, da kwaminisanci tsarin mulki I. B. Tito da aka kafa a {asar Yugoslavia.

A Potsdam Conference

A wannan majalisa, an yanke shawarar a kan demilitarization da decentralization na Jamus. Cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin karkashin iko na Board, hada da shugabannin jihohi hudu-nasara a yaki. Potsdam tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa dangane da sabon ka'idojin hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Turai. Majalisar ministocin kasar da harkokin waje na kasar da aka kafa. Babban sakamakon da majalisa ya zuwa bukaci sallama na Japan.

A akida, da kuma siffofin da sabon tsarin

1. bipolarity a cikin nau'i na siyasa da akida adawa tsakanin "free duniya" jagorancin Amurka da kuma gurguzu kasashen.

2. neman tashin. -Din-din 'yan adawa daga cikin manyan kasashe a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da sojoji da kuma sauran filayen. Wannan adawa zo wani shugaban a lokacin da Cold War.

3. A Yalta tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa ba su da wani takamaiman doka akai.

4. New Order da aka kafa a cikin lokaci da makaman kare dangi. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar wani tsaro inji. Akwai wani ra'ayi na nukiliya deterrence dangane da tsoron wani sabon yaki.

5. The halittar MDD, a kan abin da shawarar da aka tushen da kuma duk Yalta-Potsdam tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa. Amma a cikin post-yaki lokaci, kungiyar da ke cikin rigakafin makamai rikici tsakanin Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet a duniya da kuma a matakin yankuna.

binciken

A wannan zamanin, akwai da dama tsarin da dangantakar kasa da kasa. A Westphalian tsarin shi ne mafi dacewa da kuma mai yiwuwa. M tsarin kasance neman tashin, wanda ya bayyana su m lalace. A zamani tsarin na dangantakar kasa da kasa dangane da manufa na balance mulki, wanda yake shi ne sakamakon mutum tsaro bukatun dukan jihohi.