A mafi kyau yara marubuta na 18th karni da kuma ayyukansu

Yara ayyukan zauna da muhimmanci wuri a tsakanin sauran iri almarar, saboda a hanyoyi da dama daidai da halaye na al'ada da wasu mutane, ta tsarin dabi'u. Kowane al'ada Concepts nagarta da mugunta, daidai da ba daidai, kyau da kuma mummuna, adalci da marasa adalci. Kamar yadda yara da muka sha dabi'u cewa zauna tare da mu domin a rayuwa. Muhimmancin litattafai ga yara, ta haka, ya kamata ba za a underestimated.

Ya kamata a lura da halayyar alama na littattafan yara - mai hade da sanã'ar kuma pedagogical bukatun. Irin wallafe-wallafen kamata ba kawai liyãfa amma kuma don ya koya, ya shiryar, to Orient. Yara marubuta na 18th karni (da ayyukansu, ba shakka) kokarin kai wa yara da muhimmanci ilimi na duniya, domin qarfafa dama dabi'u.

La'akari da kasashen biyu - Birtaniya da kuma Rasha - da kuma misali na yara ayyukan halitta a cikin wadannan kasashe, za mu ga cewa wannan gaskiya ne. Wallafe-wallafe da 18th karni, marubuta da kuma ayyukansu suna miƙa ka da hankali.

Birtaniya yara adabi na 18th karni

Kowannenmu yana da wani mafificin littafi daga yara hikaya "Alice a Wonderland", "A Kid da Karlsson a kan rufin", "Matilda", "Thumbelina", "Gulliver ta tafiyarka" da "Robinson Crusoe" (cikin jerin ne, ba shakka kowa da kowa yana da nasa). Amma zaton cewa ba za mu girma a cikin 21st karni a Rasha, kuma a cikin 18th karni a Ingila, cewa za mu sa'an nan karanta?

Daga sama list, haƙĩƙa, dã mun kasance kawai a littafin "Robinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo (1719) da kuma "Gulliver ta tafiyarka" da Jonathan Swift (1726) a cikin wani musamman version yara, rubuta Saukake harshe, tare da kuri'a na hotuna.

Amma ma'anar wannan cewa, a cikin 18th karni English yara da kõme ba su karanta? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

Gaskiyar cewa tatsuniyoyi sun wanzu, da kuma rashin su taba faru. Ko a lokacin da akwai aka ba da aka rubuta da harshen, suna wuce daga tsara zuwa tsara a cikin nau'i na almara. Amma a cikin 17-18 ƙarni, tare da ci gaba da bugu, shi ya fara bayyana more kuma mafi sana'a marubuta, musamman yara. Tatsũniyõyi a lokacin, kamar yadda a yanzu, fascinated da kuma tsoratar da yara, da samar da dama halittu cewa tunawa da yau da kullum da damuwa manya ba ko da yaushe amince da.

A nan ne kawai na asali yara marubuta na 18th karni da kuma ayyukansu.

"Robinson Crusoe" Danielya Defo

Mu koma ga Ingila na 18th karni. A wannan lokacin, idan na su ce haka, a real "mafi kyau mai sayarwa" wani aikin na Defoe. A cikin littafin "Robinson Crusoe" extolled da ƙarfin hali, juriya, mutum dabara, ya tilasta wa rayuwa a cikin matsananci yanayi. Ya ji dadin mai girma shahararsa a matsayin hikaya da Jonathan Swift, a cikinsa akwai marubucin ne roko ga gano sabon girma da kuma sãsanni.

"Gulliver ta tafiyarka" da Jonathan Swift

Nasarar "Gulliver ta tafiyarka" ya jagoranci har zuwa gaskiyar cewa ya fara bayyana wasu littattafai na yara, wanda a fili iya karanta so a yi koyi da wannan samfurin, tare da kalmomin da "Gulliver" da "midget" a cikin sunayen cewa sa a wasu jam'iyya. Daya daga cikin farko misalai - mafita a 1751 yara 'mujallar Lilliput, "mahaliccin wanda ya Dzhon Nyuberi, wani marubuci daga London. Wani misali - "Lilliputian Library, ko Museum of Gulliver" a goma kundin na kananan size, da aka buga a Dublin a cikin 1780s. Wannan littafi da aka musamman saki ga yara, kuma da farashin ne low, don haka da cewa yara za su iya sayen shi. Jimlar kudin na 10 kundin da aka sani kawai biyar Birtaniya shillings, da mutum sassa za a iya sayi a sixpence kowane. Duk da haka, ko da wannan mun gwada low farashin har yanzu ne ma manyan saboda mutane da yawa yara da iyayensu. Kawai wakilan iyalai tare da tsakiyar da kuma high albashi iya sayen littattafan da ya yi ilimi isa ya karanta shi.

wasu littattafai

Cheap littattafai a cikin Genre na rare adabi riga ya wanzu, kuma sun kasance samuwa to da kasa m sassan na yawan jama'a. Wadannan hada labaru na yara, tarihi, tafiya, tsarkakewa, da salla, da labaru game da 'yan fashi, barayi da kuma kisankai. Wadannan kundin kasance matalauta inganci da sayar for daya ko biyu pennies.

A 1712, akwai wani Turanci translation daga cikin shahararrun Arabian tãtsũniyõyin "Dubu da Daya Nights."

Kamar yadda ka gani, da yara adabi na lokaci rayayye ci gaba a Ingila. Kuma abin da yake a kan ƙasa na Rasha? Karanta game da shi a kan.

Rasha littattafan yara na 18th karni

A Rasha, akwai zahiri yara marubuta na 18th karni da kuma ayyukansu (na farko Rasha littattafai da aka rubuta musamman domin yara da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa na jihar a cikin 17th karni, da 18th karni ci gaba da wannan al'ada).

A zamanin Bitrus na ba da wani impetus ga ci gaban ilimi, musamman na yara wallafe-wallafe. Sarkin kansa imani da cewa shi ne muhimmin kula da ilmantar da ƙaramin tsara. A wannan lokaci, littattafan yara tsananta yafi ilimi manufa. Buga littattafai, haruffa da kuma primers.

"Matasa gaskiya madubi"

A marubuta na da 18th karni (Rasha) jerin yara adabi tare da bude ilimi. The "Matasa gaskiya madubi" za a iya ba a matsayin misali. Wannan poizvedenii bayyana dokoki na gudanarwa a kotu, wanda ya shiga ya gyara aikinsa, Bitrus I. Wannan littafi da aka sanya sarki ya kusa sirri domin. A shugaban marubuta da aiki a kan samfurin, suka tsaya Gabriel Buzhinskiy. A littafin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da aka sanya kayan a kan kuskure, haruffa, kalmomi. Nufi "Matasa gaskiya madubi" na nan gaba Elite, da goyon bayan da Sarkin - da yara wanda daga baya sun zama majalisarsa. A cikin littafin, babban ra'ayin shi ne cewa ya yi nasara ne mafi muhimmanci shi ne ba da asalin mutum da sirri isa yabo, ko da yake an jaddada a lokaci guda da matsayi na musamman na nobility. Nuna da kuma soki da mũnãnan ayyuka. Ga 'yan mata musamman code na ashirin da falalolin da aka halitta, daga abin da ya kamata a lura da taimakawa, shiru, addini, aiki. A marubuta na da 18th karni (Rasha) List of mace falalan bayyana a alamance, misali, samar da wani m mace haruffa a cikin ayyukansu.

fassara adabi

A cikin karni na sha takwas baza da fassara adabi, kamar Aesop ta tatsuniya. Wadannan tãtsũniyõyin, rubuta a cikin 6th karni BC. e. Sage Aesop, da yarda da yara tare da ikon gabatar da kansu a cikin nau'i na da haruffa - dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, da itatuwa, furanni ... Aesop ta Tatsũniyõyi damar wasa da wasa a shawo kan su mũnãnan ayyuka da kuma harkokin associative tunani.

Bayan 50-ies fara bayyana ainihin yara marubuta na 18th karni da kuma ayyukansu. Amma duk da haka da girma da littattafan yara aro daga West (musamman France). Ya kamata a lura, ba shakka, sanannen Faransa bayar da labarun baka Sharlya Perro 17th karni. Ya hikaya "Cinderella," "kyakkyawa mai barci," "Little Red Riding Hood," "Bluebeard" da aka sani da kuma ƙaunar da yara a duk faɗin duniya. Ba kawai masu karatu amma kuma kasida da marubuta na da 18th karni da aka yi wahayi zuwa da wadannan ayyuka.

A marubuta na da 18th karni

List yana buɗewa Feofan Prokopovich. Wannan marubucin ya rubuta littattafai biyu ga yara - "Brief Rasha tarihi" da kuma "na farko koyarwa daga cikin samarin." A gabatarwar da na biyu littafin, ya ce cewa da yara - mai da muhimmanci sosai lokaci a cikin rayuwar kowane mutum, kamar yadda shi ne to, da asali halayya da kuma halaye. Ya kamata yara su karanta littattafai da kuma son su.

Catherine II

Ba kawai sana'a marubuta da kuma kasida na 18th karni halitta a yara littafin. Ko da shugaban kasar dauke da shi da taƙawa zuwa koya nasu matasa. Wannan misali ya nuna da Catherine II. Yana Ya halitta a manyan yawan ayyukan ƙwarai, daga cikinsu sun littattafan yara, kamar "The Tale of Tsarevich chlorine" da kuma "The Tale of Tsarevich Fivee". Hakika, sun kasance da nisa daga tatsuniyoyi a cikin zamani ma'anarta, tare da m haruffa da kuma heroes. Wadannan ayyuka ne kawai wanda aka nuna mũnãnan ayyuka, kuma falalan kullum m. Duk da haka, da misali daga Catherine II ya m, kuma ya daga baya bi da yawa da suka shahara Rasha marubuta na 18th karni, da samar da ayyukan yi su musamman domin yara.

Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov

An muhimmanci taimako ga ci gaban yara adabi da kuma ya sanya Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov. Shi ne m na farko yara magazine - "Yara Karatun ga zuciya da tunani." Yana buga ayyukan daban-daban nau'o'i. Tatsũniyõyi, short labaru, kwaikwaiyo, barkwanci, da dai sauransu Ba kawai almarar da aka gabatar a cikin mujallar. Yana da ya aka sanya da kuma wadanda ba almarar yara articles gaya matasa masu karatu game da yanayi, da duniya, kasashe daban-daban da kuma birane, da kuma mutane. Wadannan articles da aka rubuta a alamance, shi ne ban sha'awa a cikin nau'i na hira. Novikov a cikin rubuce-rubucen wa'azi da ra'ayoyi da kyau da kuma humanism, adam a cikin mutuncinsa, wanda, a cikin ra'ayi, ya kamata ya kasance daga wani matasa shekaru wa kajin yara. A mujallar ya samu gagarumar nasara, kuma ya yi farin jini a lokacin. Shahararrun marubuta na 18th karni da aka buga a cikin wannan edition.

Nikolay Mihalovich Karamzin

Wajibi ne a ce 'yan kalmomi game Nikolae Mihayloviche Karamzine. Wannan marubuci ya halitta kuma ya fassara fiye da 30 daban-daban kayayyakin yara. A matsayin wakilin sentimentalism (wanda ake bi da mutane da yawa Rasha marubuta na 18th karni), don haka kusa da wani yara halitta, ya kasance musamman m tsakanin matasa tsakiyar-shekaru da mazan masu karatu. A 1789, na farko da ayyukan Karamzin aka buga a mujallar "Yara Karatun ga zuciya da tunani." Nikolai Mikhailovich rubuta ga yara da kuma bayan rufe wannan mujallar. A cikin shekaru goma na 18th karni da ya halitta irin ayyukan da suna "kyakkyawar gimbiya", "Ɗari Acre Itace" da kuma "Ilya Muromets". A karshe labari nuna Rasha epics. Wannan aiki ya ba da aka kammala. Ilya Muromets, halitta da marubucin alkalami, ba a duk kamar wani hali gwarzo na almara, kamar yadda muka yawanci wakiltar shi, da kuma kawai partially kama da karshen. The labari bai bayyana fadace-fadace da makiyan Rasha, shi ya buɗe da lyrical rai na Ili Muromtsa a cikin tarayya da masõyansa. A cikin ruhu m Karamzin daki-daki, wanda aka nuna ji na haruffan, samar da wani m hoto.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, 18th karni kawo mai yawa sabon abubuwa a yara adabi biyu a kasashen waje da kuma a kasar mu. Wallafe-wallafe yara rayayye ci gaba da bunkasuwa a 19th sa'an nan a cikin karni na 20th. Kuma a fili akwai ci gaba a ci gaba. Alal misali, tãtsũniyõyin Sharlya Perro amfani a cikin daban-daban embodiments nan Andersen, Pushkina, Grimm 'yan'uwa, Irving. Wato, da muradi na wasu manyan tãtsũniyõyin dauki tushen sauran wurare. The ayyukan Rasha marubuta na 18th karni da kuma karanta a 19, kuma daga baya. Ga yara adabi na karni na 19th ne halin da wani ma fi girma dangane da almarar ga manya, kazalika da harkokin ilmi da al'adu a general.