A daban-daban juyin juya halin Musuluncin, ci gaban al'umma? A ra'ayi na juyin halitta da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci cigaban al'umma

Society ya taba tsaya cik. Saboda haka, sociologists daga lokuta daban-daban da kuma makarantu na kokarin a kansu hanya fassara dokokin bisa ga abin da shi ne motsi. Wannan ya haifar da samuwar biyu iyakacin duniya wuraren view: neman sauyi da kuma juyin ci gaban al'umma.

ka'idar Spencer

Birtaniya sociologist da kuma Falsafa Herbert Spencer ya yi karatu da yawa al'amurran rayuwa a cikin al'umma. A musamman, shi ne wanda ya bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin matakai da shafi juyin ci gaban al'umma. Ya main littafin - "Basic Principles" - An rubuta a 1862. Yana Spencer shiga mamaki kamar da manufa na kin tsoma baki a jihar da kuma evolutionism. Godiya ga marubucin da ya Sahaban sun koyi abubuwa da yawa game da ka'idar ci gaba.

Generalizing rubuta Spencer, daya zai ce, fiye da daban-daban juyin juya halin Musuluncin, ci gaban al'umma. A farko mataki na gwamnatin kutse a cikin rayuwar mutane. Idan shi ne kadan, akwai wani tsari na bambantawa. Wannan Lalacewar wani hadadden tsarin a cikin da yawa kananan su. New guda ne raba ayyuka daga da magabata, da abin da suka iya rike mafi kyau. Saboda haka jama'a ne a hankali, kuma cikin lumana ta faro, duk da nagarta sosai ta yin amfani da nasu albarkatu.

bambance siffofin

Kan aiwatar da bambantawa na iya haifar da matsanancin jari na inconsistencies tsakanin sassa daban daban na al'umma. Wannan zai iya haifar da rarrabuwa na tsarin. Irin wannan Mũnãnan ayyuka sun yi tsayayya da hadewa, rakiyar da ci gaban al'umma.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Spencer zahiri ka'idar Darwin annabta. An tsara ta Turanci masanin kimiyya a 'yan shekaru bayan da littafin da "Basic Principles". Spencer kuma sun gaskata cewa zamantakewa juyin halitta ne wani ɓangare na] aukacin duniya juyin halitta. Ya kuma bayyana muhimmanci manufa na tarihi aiwatar da abin da mutane daban-daban tare da kowane tsara miƙa mulki ga wani sabon mataki na ci gaba, bar gargajiya survivals.

A daban-daban juyin juya halin Musuluncin, ci gaban al'umma? Saboda haka ko da ta faru salama ko da soja wajen. Wannan shi ne bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan hanyoyi biyu. Akwai sauran muhimmanci da maki. Daya lura Faransa masanin Emil Dyurkgeym. Wannan bincike, tare da Karlom Marksom, Maksom Veberom, kuma Auguste Comte, dauke da godfather na zamani zamantakewa kimiyya.

Durkheim ka'idar

Durkheim yi imani da cewa juyin ci gaban al'umma, kamar yadda tsayayya wa juyin juya halin Musulunci, abu don karɓa mai halitta rabo daga aiki. Alal misali, tun jariri na jari hujja a yammacin Turai. Wannan shi ne abin da ya bambanta juyin da kuma neman sauyi ci gaban al'umma.

A cewar Durkheim, akwai iri biyu na'urorin al'umma. Simple al'umma zuwa kashi daidai segments, wanda suke kama da juna. A daya hannun, akwai hadaddun al'ummu da hujjõji, kuma da sulhu da tsarin da kansa na'urar. Bugu da kari, kowane daga cikinsu na da karamin sashi na cewa ne sakamakon bambantawa. Bambanci a cikin tsarin - shi ne wani abu daban-daban juyin juya halin Musuluncin, ci gaban al'umma. Idan ci gaba tsaya a nan ba zato canje-canje.

Emil Dyurkgeym kuma gano da dama matakai cewa bi haduwar jama'a, idan shi ne a kan juyin hanyar ci gaba. Na farko, da size na yawan qara. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiyar cewa, kara yawa da kuma ingancin da zamantakewa a tsakaninsu. Next ta fara aiwatar da rabo daga aiki, wanda stabilizes da sabani tsakanin daban-daban kungiyoyin.

Jamus sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies shi ne na farko masanin kimiyya suka yi karatu zamantakewa ci gaba a cikin tarihi misali. A cikin littafinsa "The al'umma da kuma jama'a," ya nuna gwamnatin rikon kwarya a Jamus daga gargajiya hanya zuwa zamani dangantakar. Sannu a hankali - wannan shi ne bambanci tsakanin juyin juya halin Musuluncin, ci gaban al'umma.

Markisanci

A cikin XIX karni yawancin sociologists bin Spencer ta views. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda akwai kuma kishiyar ra'ayi. Its kafa fara Karl Marx da Friedrich Engels. Wadannan biyu Jamusawa masana kimiyya sun zama masu yada juyin juya halin a matsayin mafita daga cikin matsalolin tsakanin daban-daban yadudduka na yawan karkashin tsarin jari hujja. Marx ya marubucin "Capital". Da muhimman hakkokin aikin ƙarshe bayyana bible ga daban-daban siyasa na hagu reshe.

A sakamakon da juyin juya hali

Evolutionary da kuma neman sauyi ci gaban al'umma tsayayya wa juna, saboda sun nufa hanyoyi daban-daban na ci gaba. A XIX da XX karni, akwai da dama da manyan makamai ayyuka, da manufar wanda shi ne reorganization na al'umma. Wasu daga cikin su sun yi nasara da kuma kai ga lalacewar data kasance domin.

Hanyoyi daban-daban na ci gaban al'umma (juyin da kuma juyin juya halin Musulunci) ma ya bambanta da sakamakon. Sauka a hankali ci gaba yana kuma sannu a hankali tattare da sabani cewa taso tsakanin zamantakewa azuzuwan. A juyin juya halin kaiwa zuwa tsõro, kuma nan take ya karya kafa hadisai. A farko, wadannan labaru wanzu ne kawai a kan shafukan da littattafai, amma abubuwan da suka faru bayan yakin duniya na nuna musu real jini da kuma tausayi.

jama'a girma mataki

A zamani manufar juyin da kuma neman sauyi ci gaban al'umma ci gaba sannu a hankali. Kowane sabon ƙarni na masana kimiyya da aka yin wani sabon abu a cikin wadannan ka'idojin. Alal misali, a cikin XX karni Amirka Uolt Uitmen Rostow samarwa wani sabon lokaci "mataki na ci gaba." Akwai sun kasance biyar. Kowace daga cikinsu halin wani mataki na zaman jama'a da ci gaba.

A mataki na farko shi ne mai gargajiya al'umma. Yana dogara ne a kan noma. Wannan ne mai matukar inert jihar da cewa da wuya a canza. Daga wannan lokaci ya fara juyin juya halin Musuluncin, ci gaban al'umma. The darajar gargajiya al'umma ne mai girma, domin shi ne a wannan mataki ake kunno kai duk da kwastan da wasu mutane.

A mataki na biyu ne halin da miƙa mulki. A wannan mataki da kamfanin accumulates isasshen albarkatun don fara ci gaba. Akwai girma adadin masu zuba jari. Bugu da kari, a jihar zama tsakiya (feudalism abu da suka gabata).

A cikin uku mataki fara da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda aka halin da ci gaban da yawa daban-daban na masana'antu. Canza samar da hanyoyin, wanda qara ta yadda ya dace.

masana'antu jama'a

A karo na hudu mataki akwai abubuwan da ake bukata ga zargin masana'antu al'umma, wanda aka karshe kafa a karshe mataki na juyin ci gaba. An halin ci-gaba da hadadden tsari na rabo na aiki a cikin abin da kowane kai aiki daidai da ilimi da kuma basira.

A ƙara samar da ya sa ya yiwu don bayar da babban yawan iri-iri na kaya zuwa kasuwa. Wannan inganta ingancin rayuwa na mutane. Production sabunta hanyoyin da taimakon aiki da kai da kuma mechanization. Irin wannan tsari yana tafiya ne a kammala kimiyya da fasaha juyin juya halin. Akwai zamani m sadarwa tsarin (motocin da sauransu. D.). Mutane da dama suna samun karin mobile, da kuma birni ne urbanization mataki, a lokacin da akwai da sabuwar kayayyakin more rayuwa ga wani dadi da kuma dace rayuwa.

post-masana'antu jama'a

A ra'ayin na masana'antu al'umma cewa ya taso a sakamakon juyin ci gaban al'umma, ya Popular a XX karni. Amma shi bai zama karshe. Wasu sociologists (Zbignev Bzhezinsky, Alvin Toffler) samarwa manufar post-masana'antu al'umma, wanda yayi dace da yau tattalin arzikin duniya.