A abin da shekara da aka sayar Alaska Amirka? Alaska tarihi

A tarihin sayar da Alaska har yanzu da yawa la'akari da daya daga cikin mafi m Rasha ma'amaloli. Wasu yi imani da cewa ƙasar sayar ne har yanzu da Empress Catherine II. Wasu ba yi imani da cewa shi ne ba a sayar wa Alaska USA, kuma aka ba da umurnin da regal haya ga casa'in da tara shekara. Ƙare, amma Rasha ƙasa, kuma bai kõma ba. Idan riga a cikin sau na Tarayyar Soviet sakatare janar Brezhnev ba ya so ya karɓe shi da baya.

Amma idan ka tuna abin da shekara sayar Alaska zuwa Amurka, ya bayyana sarai cewa Catherine wannan ne m. Ya yi mulki Rasha a wannan lokaci da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II. Kuma shi ya taka a cikin tarihin na muhimmiyar rawa cewa wani ascribes zuwa wasu shugabanni. Wannan Rasha tsar da ake zargi da cewa ya kusan ya ba da babbar ƙasa. Amma yadda da abubuwan da suka gaske kamar irin na yankin alwatika kafa Alaska-Rasha-Amurka, da hukuma tarihi akwai daya kawai version, wasu bayanai wanda har yanzu ba a sani ba zuwa ga mutane da yawa.

labarin kasa

Ko a makaranta ya sani cewa sashin - sanyi da kuma harsh ƙasar, inda a can ne Arctic da subarctic sauyin yanayi zones. Harsh winters da iskõki da snow blizzards a gefen rurrushe - da kullum. Wannan ba abin mamaki: shi ne isa kawai su yi tunanin inda ne Alaska. The kawai togiya ne karamin sashi na Pacific Coast, inda da sauyin yanayi ne m, kuma shi ne dace da rayuwar dan Adam. Ya hada da Alaska ɓangaren duniya na North America har zuwa kan iyakar da Canada. Bugu da kari, shi ya hada da Aleutians, da fox, Triniti da kuma Alexander tarin tsiburai Islands. Har ila yau, wannan sashin ne kunkuntar tsiri na ƙasar a guje tare da Pacific Coast, aka haɗa ta mashigar Dixon Entrance. Shi ne a nan, kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi asali manya a duniya - daga Juneau.

Alaska - Rasha

Amurka kira wannan yankin ba ne kawai kamar yadda "Rasha da Amurka." A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na sha takwas Jawo yan kasuwa zama ƙara nuna sha'awa a Alaska. Tuni a cikin farkon sittin a nan a kan Unalaska Island, kafa Rasha a kauyen kuma, ba shakka, da tashar jiragen ruwa ta hanyar abin da aka mined kasuwanci furs. A 1784 da m kuma mai bincike Grigory Shelikhov a kan ãdalci shirya wani balaguro zuwa yankin, a lokacin da tsibirin Kodiak gina wani shiri.

A karshen karni da muka zo nan don Turai navigators wanda ko da yunkurin bayyana Spanish mulkin kan wasu wuraren Alaska. Duk da haka, ba sakamakon da aka ba a samu. Kuma a yau game da su a cikin wadannan sassa kama kawai 'yan ba-yan qasar Gwargwadon sunayen, kamar Port Valdez.

Shelikhov guda 'yan shekaru baya ya qaddamar kungiyar na sayar da kamfanoni domin ci gaba da Alaska, halittar wanda aka zaci da irin Birtaniya Gabas India. Yana da aka kafa a 1799, kuma ta farko shugaban sabuwar zama Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, wanda tun lokacin da marigayi eighties wakilta Rasha industrialists a Amurka. Shi ya kafa da dama da ƙauyuka a Alaska, ciki har da wani zamani Sitka, wanda aka sa'an nan kira birnin, birnin Mala'iku.

Da ayyukan kamfanin a matsayin dukan da wani dual yanayi. A daya hannun, ta yi dumu-dumu a cikin predatory kama kifi Jawo, amma a lokaci guda da gudummawar da ci gaba a wasu yankunan na arable noma da kuma dabbobi husbandry. Tun da farkon ɗari takwas da wannan aiki complicating da gwagwarmaya tare da Amurka da kuma Birtaniya kasuwa wanda dauke da makamai da gida yan asali mutane don su yi yaƙi da Rasha.

A 1824, Rasha sanya hannu a jerin yarjejeniyoyi tare da gwamnatocin Amurka da Ingila. Wadannan takardu a matakin kasa ma'anar iyakoki na Rasha dũkiyarku, a Arewacin Amirka. Har sai wannan lokacin, a lokacin da Alaska zama American, shi ne kasa da hudu da rabi da suka gabata.

wuya halin da ake ciki

A 1861, da shekara a Rasha, kamar yadda muka sani, na kauda tashe serfdom. Don biya diyya ga su gidan haya, kazalika da biya da halin kaka na kamfanin, da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II da aka tilasta a 1862 zuwa aro daga Rothschild a biyar da cent annum goma sha biyar da miliyan fam. Duk da haka, da kudi magnates zarar yana da wani abu don komawa, da kuma sarauta taskar da aka komai.

The sosai farko da wani shirin da ta shafi sale, amma wajen shiga Alaska zuwa Amurka, ya yi magana N. Muravyov-Amur - Gwamnan-janar na Eastern Siberia. Haka ya faru a 1853, da shekara. A cewar shi, da yarjejeniyar da aka kawai makawa. Amma sai ga shi babu wanda ya saurari. Kuma shekaru hudu daga baya, Grand Duke Constantine - da kane da Sarkin sarakuna - Alexander miƙa "wani abu ba dole ba" to sayar. A mafi dole ba abu bayyana unexplored arewacin ƙasashen da Rasha, a gaskiya, ba ƙware.

Ganin na rarrabuwa, a matsayin tarihi na Rasha sayar da Alaska a yau sani da yawa a cikin nasa hanya. Amma waɗannan kwanaki sun fi dalilan da fiye da bayyane: wannan sararin ƙasa ya taba kawo Rasha musamman samun kudin shiga da kuma teku otters, teku zakuna da sauran masu muhimmanci da furs, wanda a wancan lokacin sun a bukatar a kasuwannin duniya, domin mafi yawan bangare riga kashe industrialists. Kullum, da mallaka sun fi mayar tsira kawai saboda da manyan samar da kankara a birnin California. Ci gaba a kan wannan garin kankara ƙasa na soja ƙungiyoyin sojoji da jami'an aiki nan don ci gaba da babban ƙasa, shi ba kome abin. Rasha, mafi kwanan tsira da Crimean War, a kudi matsaloli bayan da shan kashi.

prehistory

Babu shakka, da tarihi watsa America Alaska yana ta riga shi zuwa, haka ma, irin wannan mataki ya bi wasu a raga, kuma yana da kyakkyawan dalili. An sani cewa a cikin farkon karni na sha tara, wannan ƙasa ya kawo gagarumin kudaden shiga saboda da Jawo cinikayya, amma da sittin daga cikin wannan karni da ya bayyana cewa kara halin kaka zai kasance muhimmanci ya fi girma fiye da adadin m riba. Yana zai ko da yaushe dole a ciyar ba kawai a kan banal abun ciki na wannan ƙasa, amma kuma kare shi, da kuma idan ka tuna, inda Alaska a kan taswira, ba za ka iya kwatanta abin da kudi mai yawa a duk wannan zai kudin da fatara Rasha Empire.

abubuwan da ake bukata

The hukuma tarihi na sayar da Rasha Alaska, ya ce cewa, tsari da yarjejeniyar zo daga cikin sanannun Rasha jami'in diflomasiyyar Eduarda Steklya. Amma tattaunawar ta fara daidai a lokacin da Birtaniya zama su gabatar da abin da suke siffantawa da ƙasa.

Kuma cewa wani dalili da ya sa Rasha ya kasance sosai da amfani ga rabu da ƙasar arewa.

The tambaya na ko sayar Alaska zuwa Amurka, Rasha, a yau ne mai yawa shawara a abin da shekara. Wasu kira 1866-th, wasu - 1867-th. Dole ne in ce cewa biyu daga cikin wadannan kwanakin dace gaskiya.

m tattaunawar

Sha shida ranar Disamba 1866, a wani gizagizai ciki hunturu rana da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II kira wani taro. Yana da aka samu halartar ɗan'uwansa, Prince Constantine, ministocin na marine da kuma kudi sassan, kazalika Baron Edouard Stoeckl - Rasha jakadan Washington. Dole ne in ce cewa ra'ayin mahalarta da sayarwa da aka amince da goyon. A gaskiya, daga wannan lokacin shi ya fara da Accession na Alaska a kasar Amurka. Da farko jira ƙarewar gata Rasha-American kamfanin, sa'an nan - da American Civil War. Duk da haka, ta goma sha takwas a cikin Maris 1867, da shekara da shugaban kasar Amurka Johnson bayan yawa tattaunawa karshe hannu da umarni a kan canja wurin na musamman ikon zuwa William Seward. Bisa ga shawara da Ministan kudi da aka kafa da kuma m dokin farashin Alaska: miliyan biyar rubles. A mako daga baya, da Rasha, Sarkin sarakuna, da kafa iyakoki na jihar, Stoeckl aika zuwa Amerika domin wani jami'in roko ga sakataren harkokin Seward. Bayan haka, kawai nan da nan fara tattaunawar kai wuri, a lokacin da shi yiwuwa a yarda a kan wata kwangila domin sayan Alaska daga Rasha jihar bakwai da miliyan daloli.

The United States, kuma tsarist Rasha

By farkon na aiwatar da sayar da Rasha ta dangantaka da Amurka ta kai ta koli. Ko da Amurka, ya sha nanata jaddada a lokacin Crimean War, idan iyakar rikici kumbura, su ba za su yi zanga-Russian matsayi. Ya yi niyyar sayar da Alaska da aka gudanar a zurfin halin asiri. Abin mamaki, a lokacin riga isa matakin na waje m bayanai zuwa uku kasashen da aka ba leaked. The London "Times" rubuta damu ƙwarai game da m juna juyayi, tanã fita tsakanin Amurka da kuma Rasha. A mafi cewa kudi biya wadannan arewacin asashe, a cikin wani gajeren lokaci sun biya kashe, kamar yadda wani dabarun da daga wannan ma'amala da kuma ba zai iya magana, ku dai yi tunanin inda Alaska a kan taswira.

Sabani Birtaniya ta wajaba: 1867 kwangila shekara, ba wai kawai ya yi wadannan kasashen biyu nan da nan makwabta, amma kuma sanya shi yiwu ga Amirkawa daga dukkan bangarorin kewaye Burtaniya dũkiyarku a arewa. Yana kara man fetur zuwa ga wuta, kuma suna cewa Uelbridzha American janar a abincin dare jam'iyyar girmama na Rasha tawagar. Ma'anarta ya wannan: a duniya akwai biyu masu muhimmanci Hemisphere da yammaci da kuma Gabas, kuma daya dole ne farin cikin United States, da kuma na biyu - Rasha. Babu shakka, shi ne kawai wani bakin ciki diplomasiyya game da kalmomi, amma Gaskiyar shine Rasha tsanani goyon Amirkawa a cikin tadawa.

kai tsaye canja wurin

A hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya ya da talatin na Maris 1867, na shekara a Birnin Washington. Ya aka girke a Faransa da kuma Turanci, wanda a lokacin ya kasance da harshen diflomasiyya. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa babu hukuma rubutu a Rasha kawai ba ya wanzu. A karkashin sharuddan da kwangila, to America tsallaka da Alaska Larabawa a cika, kazalika da ta bakin teku tsiri nisa ne mil goma zuwa kudu.

A majalisar dattawan Amurka, ko da yake ya yi shakka cikin hikima irin wannan saya ba, amma mafi yawan 'yan kungiyar goyon yarjejeniyar.

Ta goma sha takwas ga watan Oktoba, 1867, Alaska da aka hukuma da mika su ga Amirkawa. A cikin Rasha gefen hannu A. A. Peschurov karkashin yarjejeniya a kan canja wurin da ƙasa - musamman gwamnatin kwamishinan, shugaban na biyu rank. Yana da ban sha'awa, amma wannan rana da aka gabatar, kuma da Gregorian kalanda. Saboda haka Alaskans farkawa daga cikin goma sha takwas na Oktoba, duk da haka ya zauna har na biyar na Oktoba. Saboda haka idan da tambaya ko, a cikin abin da shekara sayar Alaska zuwa Amurka, amsar a fili yake, cewa, a ranar sanya hannu kan kwangila ba za a iya ce.

Sufi

Goma sha takwas Oktoba 1867, da shekara a rabin da uku a rana ya faru a canji na flag a kan flagpole located a gaban Haikalin gwamnan Alaska. Rasha da kuma Amirka sojojin sahu a jere, da kuma siginar daya ba izini jami'in daga kowane gefe fara runtse kadan flag tashe a cikin kwanaki na Rasha-American yaƙin neman zaɓe. A bikin da ya faru a wani yanayi na girma solemnity, duk da haka, har da tutar da aka garwaya a saman a cikin igiyoyi, ba sa breakage fenta.

By domin na 'yan matuƙan garzaya zuwa hawa sama, don kokarin warware masana'anta, da sauran banner cewa sun rataye a tatters a kan mast. Amma babu daya gane ihu kasa ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, da farko dolezshemu kafin shi, don haka ya bai daina banner saukar, kuma hawaye dã tare da shi. Kuma a lõkacin da a saman cewa shi ya ragu, tutar fadi a kan Rasha bayonets. Yan sufi wannan lamarin zai kasance kamar wata ãyã, amma a lokacin babu wanda ya faru a ta'ammalin shi. A general, da tarihi na canja wuri na Alaska Amurka tana tattare da dubban myths, amma da yawa daga cikinsu ba gaskiya ba ne.

Glass da ya manufa

A muhimmiyar rawa a sayar da Alaska taka leda da jami'in diflomasiyyar gilashi. Daga 1850 ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan na Rasha Ofishin Jakadancin a Amurka, da kuma tun 1854, shekara ta canjawa wuri zuwa ga post na Rasha jakadan. Stoeckl matarsa kuwa American, don haka shi aka quite batutuwa a cikin mafi girma da da'irori na American al'umma. Irin wannan mai yawa da lambobi taimake shi, suka gudummawar da aiwatar da ma'amala. Rasha jami'in diflomasiyyar rayayye lobby ga bukatun na Rasha Sarkin sarakuna. Domin lallashe da majalisar dattijai don yanke shawarar sayen Alaska Stoeckl ba da cin hanci, ta amfani da sadarwa. Alexander II nada shi ijãra mai dubu ashirin da biyar daloli, kazalika da rayuwa fensho na shida dubu rubles.

Edward A. nan da nan bayan da sayarwa na Alaska zuwa zo St. Petersburg na wani dan gajeren lokaci, amma nan da nan ya koma Paris. Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa da jami'in diflomasiyyar da Rasha jama'a, duk da haka, shi ma. Bayan wani tarihi na Alaska ne kiyaye baya gilashin notoriety. Kuma wadannan su ne dalilan.

Ina kudi?

Bakwai da miliyan talatin da biyar dala dubu - cewa shi ne nawa aka bar na asali amince 7.2 miliyan Eduard Stoeckl samu wani rajistan shiga, bar kanka wata ijãra ne, kusan xari da dubu hamsin rarraba kamar yadda cin hanci, don sanatocin da suka zabe ƙulla, da kuma sauran kudi canjawa wuri ta bank transfer zuwa London. daga St. Petersburg ta ruwa tafi saya don dukan adadin na zinariya bullion. Wasu ɓangare na biyan bashin da aka rasa, da kuma lokacin da ya tuba zuwa fam, da zinariya. Amma ba na karshe asarar Rasha.

Babban tarihi tambaya ne ba, shin, abin da a shekara sayar Alaska zuwa Amurka, da kuma cewa abin da ya faru ga Saide daga cikin ma'amala kudi.

Haushi Kirkwall, a kwamitin da aka dogon-jiran Rasha jiha, don wani kaya, nutse sha shida ranar Yuli riga a kan hanyar zuwa St Petersburg a 1868, da shekara. Shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba ko shi da zinariya a kan shi, ko da shi bai bar Albion. Haka kuma, kamfanin inshora ayyana kanta kaucewa fatara, sabili da haka lalata zuwa Rasha reimbursed kawai partially. Yana gaza biya wani bashi da Rothschilds, amma wata babbar yanki na ƙasar tsarist Rasha duk da haka rasa.

Kurakurai da hasashe

A tarihin Rasha sayarwa na Alaska har yanzu samar da dukan ra'ayin da kuma baki. Tun da tattaunawar da aka gudanar a cikin tsanani halin asiri, da sanya hannu kan kwangila dogon boye. Kuma kawai a shekara daga baya a "Diplomatic Yearbook" da aka buga a Faransa Yarjejeniyar. Wannan halin asiri da kuma haifar da jita-jitar da fari da ya wuce Amurka a Alaska haya domin casa'in da tara shekara, kuma bayan wannan lokaci za a mayar da su zuwa Rasha sake. Wannan erroneous version ya zama haka girman kai cewa a lokacin da wannan lokaci ya ƙare, a tsakiyar karni na karshe fara sauti da ake bukata don canja wurin shi. Amma, abin takaici, shi ne kawai wani kuskure. Alaska ba takalman fita, kuma aka sayar a zama.

facts

Sha'awa, da United States a cikin past ƙarni biyu rayayye ya karu da karkararta. 'Yan san cewa a 1803 America a Faransa for goma sha biyar dala miliyan sayi Louisiana, kadan daga baya ga Naira Miliyan Xari uku sau kasa da shi a wannan Spain ya samu nasarar sayen Florida. Riga shekaru goma daga baya, a 1818, shekarar da sashe na "gado" a Amurka daga Mexico wuce wani babban ɓangare na ƙasa.

Babu kasa na ƙwarai da cewa wani na aikin Alaska jiha fara kawai a 1959 da kuma ba a 1867, lokacin da aka sayar.