A kwayoyin tsarin yana da ... Abin da abu yana da wani kwayoyin tsarin

Kamar yadda ka sani, sunadarai karatu da tsarin da kaddarorin abubuwa, kazalika da juna canje. An muhimmanci wuri a cikin hali na sinadaran mahadi ne tambaya cewa, daga abin da daidai da suka kunshi barbashi. Wannan na iya zama kwayoyin halitta, ions ko kwayoyin. A daskararru, suna kunshe a cikin crystal raga shafukan. A kwayoyin tsarin yana da wani gwada da kananan yawan mahadi ba a sandararru, ruwa da gaseous jihar.

A cikin wannan takarda, mun gabatar da misalai na kayan da ake halin da kwayoyin lattices, kazalika da la'akari da dama jinsunan intermolecular interactions takamaiman to daskararru, taya da gas.

Me ya sa na bukatar sanin tsarin da sinadaran mahadi

A kowane reshe na mutum da ilmi ba, za ka iya zaɓar wani rukuni na muhimman hakkokin dokokin a kan wanda kara raya kimiyya. A Chemistry - a ka'idar MV University da kuma George. Dalton, bayanin atomic da kwayoyin tsarin da al'amarin. Kamar yadda masana kimiyya, sanin ciki tsari, yana yiwuwa ya hango ko hasashen biyu jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na fili. Duk da babbar dama artificially hada kwayoyin abubuwa mutum (robobi, magunguna, da magungunan kashe qwari, da dai sauransu) an bayar a gaba da halaye da kuma Properties, mafi muhimmanci a gare ta masana'antu da kuma m amfani.

Ilimi na tsarin fasali da kuma kaddarorin da mahadi da'awa a gudanar da iko sassan, gwaje-gwaje da kuma jarrabawa a cikin sunadarai hanya. Alal misali, samarwa jerin abubuwa sami dama amsar: abin da ke cikin kwayoyin tsarin da abu?

• Tutiya.
• Magnesium oxide.
• Diamond.
• Naphthalene.

A daidai amsar ita ce: tutiya na da kwayoyin tsarin, kazalika da naphthalene.

Intermolecular sojojin

Yana da aka kafa gwaje da cewa kwayoyin tsarin hankula ga kayan da low narkewa maki kuma low taurin. Abin da zai iya bayyana da fragility na crystal lattices na wadannan mahadi? Kamar yadda ya juya waje, shi duka dogara a kan ƙarfi daga cikin hadin gwiwa sakamako daga cikin barbashi cikin su sites. Yana yana da wutar lantarki a yanayi da aka kira intermolecular hulda ko van der Waals sojojin, wadda ake bisa influencing juna oppositely caje kwayoyin - dipoles. Sai ya juya daga cewa akwai da dama da sunadaran da su samuwar, dangane da yanayin da abu kanta.

Acid a matsayin kwayoyin abun da ke ciki na fili

A mafita mafi acid, duka biyu kwayoyin da inorganic, iyakacin duniya dauke da barbashi wanda ake daidaitacce dangi zuwa juna oppositely cajin zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. Alal misali, a cikin wani bayani na acid chloride HCI dipoles ne ba, tsakanin wanda akwai orientational hulda. Tare da zazzabi karuwa daga cikin kwayoyin na hydrochloric, hydrobromic (HBr) da kuma sauran halogen acid, wani karu orientational sakamako, tun da thermal motsi daga cikin barbashi hana juna janye. Bayan sama da aka jera abubuwa, da kwayoyin tsarin ne sucrose, naphthalene, ethanol da sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi.

Kamar yadda bayyana jawo caje barbashi

Tun da farko, za mu duba a daya daga cikin sunadaran da mataki na van der Waals sojojin, da ake kira fuskantarwa hulda. Har ila yau gudanar da mahadi da kuma halogen-dauke acid, kwayoyin tsarin yana da wani hydrogen oxide - ruwa. A abubuwa kunshi wadanda ba na iyakacin duniya, amma fannonin da nunawa dipoles, kwayoyin kamar carbon dioxide CO _2, yana yiwuwa su kiyaye abin da ya faru na jawo caje barbashi - dipoles. Su mafi muhimmanci alama - da ikon da za a janyo hankalin juna, godiya zuwa fitowan da electrostatic janye sojojin.

A kwayoyin tsarin gas

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya subtitle fili kamar carbon dioxide. Kowane zarra shi halitta a kansu da wani lantarki filin wanda yanã rabuwa zarra ayi gaba da carbon dioxide kwayoyin. An modified zuwa dipole, wanda, bi da bi, ya zama m na rabuwa da sauran barbashi CO _2. A sakamakon haka, kwayoyin suna janyo hankalin zuwa juna. Inductive interactions za a iya lura da abubuwa na dauke da iyakacin duniya barbashi, ko da yake a wannan harka shi ne da yawa weaker fiye da fuskantarwa da van der Waals karfi.

A watsawa hulda

Kamar yadda sunadaran kansu, kuma barbashi kunshe a abun da ke ciki (core electrons) ne iya riƙa rotational da vibrational motsi. Yana take kaiwa zuwa bayyanar da dipoles. Kamar yadda nazarin na jimla makanikai, da ya faru na instantaneous dvuzaryadnyh barbashi auku a daskararru da kuma a cikin ruwaye synchronously, don haka da cewa iyakar da kwayoyin kusa, ya bayyana tare da daura sanduna. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa su electrostatic janye, ya karbi sunan watsawa hulda. Shi ne halayyar duk abubuwa, fãce abin da suke a gaseous jihar, da kuma wanda monatomic kwayoyin. Duk da haka, van der Waals sojojin na iya tashi, misali, a lokacin da wucewa inert gas (helium, Neon) a cikin ruwa lokaci a low yanayin zafi. Saboda haka, kwayoyin tsarin da jiki ruwaye ko sa su ikon samar intermolecular interactions da daban-daban iri: fuskantarwa jawo ko watsawa.

Mene ne sublimation

A kwayoyin tsarin da m jiki, kamar aidin lu'ulu'u, Yanã wani jiki sabon abu ban sha'awa kamar yadda sublimation - volatilization kwayoyin na ₂ a matsayin m vapors. Yana zo daga surface wani abu a cikin m lokaci, bypassing da ruwa a jihar.

Wannan gani m kwarewa ne sau da yawa da za'ayi a cikin azuzuwa na sunadarai domin ya nuna fasali na tsarin da kwayoyin crystal lattices da alaka da kaddarorin mahadi. Yawanci wannan low taurin, low narkewa da kuma tafasar maki, matalauta thermal da lantarki watsin, volatility.

The m amfani da ilmi game da tsarin kwayoyin halitta

Kamar yadda muka gani, shi ne mai yiwuwa a kafa wani tabbataccen hulda tsakanin raga irin, tsarin da kaddarorin da fili. Saboda haka, idan aka sani halaye na littattafai, shi ne mai sauki isa ga hasashen da siffofin da tsarin da abun da ke ciki na da barbashi: kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin ko ions. A sakamakon bayanai kuma iya zama da amfani idan kana bukatar ka ayyukan a cikin sunadarai daga wani rukuni na mahadi a zabi wani abu da ciwon kwayoyin tsarin, ban da waɗanda a cikin abin da akwai daban na atomic ko ionic lattices.

Rungumar, za mu iya gama da wadannan: kwayoyin tsarin ne m, kuma ta na sarari tsarin da crystal raga, da kuma siffofi da polarized tsari na barbashi a taya da gas ne cikakken alhakin ta jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. A msar tambayar sharuddan kaddarorin da mahadi dauke da dipoles, ya dogara ne a kan ƙarfi daga cikin intermolecular hulda. A mafi girma da polarity da kwayoyin da kuma karami radius daga kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin, da karfi da fuskantarwa sojojin generated therebetween. Conversely, da more kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA, mafi ta dipole lokacin, sabili da haka mafi muhimmanci watsawa sojojin. Saboda haka, kwayoyin tsarin da m jiki da kuma rinjayar more on ta hulda sojojin tsakanin barbashi - dipoles.