Wanda ya gano Arewa iyakacin duniya? Tarihi na samu na Arewa iyakacin duniya

A zama na Arewa Gwargwadon iyakacin duniya na Duniya a high latitudes ga ƙarni ja hankalin masu bincike da kuma matafiya. Duk wanda ya buɗe wa Arewa iyakacin duniya, to, ka tsarkake sunansa ba kasa na Columbus, Magellan da sauran manyan explorers. Expeditions a high arewacin latitudes Fitted fita a Rasha, Birtaniya, Amurka, Norway, Italy. Mutane da yawa matafiya halaka kafin kai da manufa. Su sunayen tuna da godiya zuriyarsa.

A samu na Arewa iyakacin duniya. prehistory

Rasha explorers daga Novgorod a XI-XII ƙarni isa bakin tekun na White Sea.

A cikin shekaru 1595-1597 V. Barents da ƙungiya bar ga hunturu a cikin Arctic, a yammacin bakin tekun na Novaya Zemlya samun har zuwa wannan tsibirin Spitsbergen.

Birtaniya Explorer G. Hudson a 1607 ya kai gabashin gefen Greenland, amma balaguro aka tsaya da kankara. The tawagar gudanar ya isa Spitsbergen, amma sama 80,23 ° iya motsi ba

V. Bering a 1725-1734 shekaru tafi da farko Kamchatka balaguro zuwa gano da iyakacin duniya latitudes.

Me majagaba nemi da Arewa iyakacin duniya?

Daya bayan wani, an ɗora Kwatancen da wani sabon balaguro, burin su - gano da Arewa iyakacin duniya. A yawa na mutane daga kasashe daban-daban ke bãya zuwa Arewa. Yana motsa matafiya ba kawai a zalla kimiyya sha'awa. New hanyoyi iya rage nesa tafiya da kasuwanci da kuma soja jiragen ruwa daga Turai zuwa nahiyar Asiya. Tambayar da wanda ya gano Arewa iyakacin duniya, ba tattauna a wadannan shekaru. Explorers, kuma matafiya na dogon lokaci iya shiga sama 80 ° arewa latitud.

Ideas marine expeditions da Arewa iyakacin duniya

A XVII karni akwai wani ka'idar da narkewa na kankara a lokacin rani watanni a kusa da Arewa Geographic iyakacin duniya. Wasu masu bincike yi imani da cewa akwai iya zama a cikin teku, da aka ba ta rufe kankara. Wannan labari da aka kafa da yawa yunkurin kai high latitudes da teku ruwa a kan jirgin ruwa. Babban Rasha masanin kimiyya Mikhail Lomonosov gudanar da lissafin tabbatar da wannan yiwuwar. Empress Catherine Mai girma da umarnin wani balaguro. A ta adari Admiral V. Chichagov a 1765-m da kuma 1766-m sau biyu na tafi a search na wani free ruwa sarari, inda za ka iya samun to da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Admiral iya motsa sama 80,30 °. Ba na samun da discoverer na Arewa iyakacin duniya daga shugaban Birtaniya sojan ruwa balaguro K. Phipps. Ya ya iya cimma a 1773 kawai Latitude 80,48 °. M yunkurin shawo kan sauran 'yan digiri da Arewa iyakacin duniya tura zuwa bango da ra'ayin ruwa tafiya a cikin mafi girma latitudes.

New iyakacin duniya balaguro a kan teku da kuma a kan kankara

A 1827, Banasare Uilyam Parri yanke shawarar zuwa da Arewa iyakacin duniya kan kankara na Arctic. Ya zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda na farko kai da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Parry balaguro a] en ta Birtaniya Admiralty. Iyakacin duniya explorers tashi daga Ingila a watan Maris 1827 a cikin jirgi, kuma isa tsibirin Spitsbergen. The shugaban na balaguro da sahabbansa shiga jirgi sanye take da musamman masu gudu. Motsi a kan kankara detachment kai 82,45 °. Wannan rikodin aka kafa a kan Yuli 23, 1827 ya kuma kasance ga kusan shekaru 50. Daga cikin mahalarta taron na balaguro ya D. Ross, wanda aka yaba da samu na Arewa Magnetic iyakacin duniya. Har ma da kara ci gaba Birtaniya J. Ners, wanda ya tafi arewa a 1875. Kwanoni guda biyu, sa'an nan a kan seleji, cewa mutane jan hannu tawagar gudanar a samu a watan Mayu 1876 zuwa latitud na 83,20 °. A wannan lokaci shi ne wani sabon rikodin a iyakacin duniya latitudes, amma ba mambobi ne na balaguro sun ranked waɗanda suka gano da Arewa iyakacin duniya.

A Arctic kankara

Setback North American balaguro D. De Long, wanda Yuli 8, 1879 ya shiga jirgin ruwa a kan jirgin ruwa mai filafili "Jeannette" daga San Francisco. The jirgin sun shige ta da Bering mashigar da kai Wrangel Island a cikin Arctic Ocean. Ga vmerz jirgin ruwa mai filafili a kankara da kuma a cikin wannan jiha ya fara shiga wani hali na zuwa da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Amma bayan watanni 21, "Jeannette" nutse, ceto kawai karamin sashi daga cikin tawagar.

Experience De Long taimaka wajen shirya wani balaguro zuwa Norwegian iyakacin duniya Explorer F. Nansen. Ya Fitted fitar da wani musamman jirgin "Fram", saba da gantali na kankara. Shahararren matafiyi yanke shawarar kai kan Arctic Ocean da kuma zama na farko da ya samu da Arewa iyakacin duniya. "Fram" da aka gudanar a Arewa Sea Route, hove zuwa, da kuma Maris 14, 1895 ya kai daidaici 84,4 °. Nansen a kan kayan gudun kan da kuma kare sleds kai 86,14 °, amma aka dakatar da su kankara hummocks. A 1899, 'yan Prince Amedeo Savoyskogo Luidzhi Italian Arctic detachment sun iya samun kan kankara seleji kare up to 86,34 °.

Tashin hankali a kusa da discoverer na Arewa iyakacin duniya

Domin shekaru masu yawa akwai wata muhawara game wanda shi ne na farko don gane da Arewa iyakacin duniya. A yawan matafiya da'awar wannan rawa. Daya daga cikinsu - American F. Cook, suka da'awar cewa wani seleji kare, ya samu biyu conductors, da Eskimos da Arewa iyakacin duniya Afrilu 21, 1908. A kimiyya al'umma ya bukaci da hujja, amma Cook iya ba samar da su. A duniya da aka sani shawarwari tsakanin biyu Amirkawa, kowanne daga abin da ikirarin cewa shi ne ya - da discoverer na Arewa iyakacin duniya. Daya daga cikinsu - da dafa, da kuma na biyu - da m Robert Piri. Ya da'awar cewa ya kasance a latitud 90 ° Afrilu 6, 1909. Iyakacin duniya da tauraron dan adam da aka takwararta M. Henson, kazalika shiryar, to, ya yi ijara da hudu Eskimos. Yabo Piri cike da rashin daidaito, kuma an tambaye su.

Rasha balaguro zuwa Arewa iyakacin duniya

Ba tare da faruwa a cikin muhawara, wanda da farko lashe Arewa iyakacin duniya, Rasha masu bincike sun ci gaba da tsare bincika da kuma ci gaba da Arctic. A cikin shekaru 1912-1914 balaguro G. Sedov ciyar biyu iyakacin duniya hunturu a kan jirgin cikin jirgin. A Soviet sau, shi da aka za'ayi tare da taimakon masana kimiyya saukowa jirgin sama da nisan kilomita 30 daga Arewa iyakacin duniya. Daga wannan May 21, 1937 ya fara duniya na farko gantali a kan kankara bincike tashar NP-1.

Mahalarta na balaguro:

1. Ivan Papanin (kai).
2. Peter Shirshov (oceanographer).
3. Eugene Fedorov (Meteorology).
4. Ernst Krenkel (rediyo sadarwarka).

Ya dade watanni tara na gantali, a lokacin da explorers aka lura. Floe ya 2850 km daga asalin wurin saukowa a kan ta mutane. Kashe bakin tekun na Greenland, masu bincike shiga Soviet icebreakers.

Nazarin Arctic ci gaba a cikin sabon karni. Found da kuma raya reserves na ma'adinai adibas a kan shiryayye daga cikin Arctic tekuna, da ke kama kifi. A kasashen da samun damar yin amfani da Arctic, akwai mai yawa ban sha'awa. New balaguro, horar da masana harkokin kimiyya, industrialists, soja, zuwa Arewa iyakacin duniya. Akwai kuma wasan na duniya gasa ga alama farko daga cikin iyakacin duniya bazara. Followers Nansen Cook, Peary, Sedov, papanintsev sake directed zuwa arewa na duniya da maki ciwon latitud 90 °, da domin ya tabbatar da rabo daga iradar da ruhu kan matsananci iyakacin duniya kankara.