Fara buga a Rasha

Fara buga a Rasha, da ranar da ya kwanan zama batun yawa muhawara, mafi yawa ana hade da sunayen Ivan Fedorov kuma Petr Mstislavets cewa a kan umarni na Tsar Ivan IV kafa a cikin ƙasa na Kremlin ta farko Rasha bugu gidan.

A wannan lokaci a Yammacin Turai, bugu ya zama quite sananne: bayan Johannes Gutenberg a cikin tsakiyar karni XV ƙirƙira shi, yadda za ku iya ba yi tasiri a littafin da hannu da kuma buga su a kan musamman inji, bugu bayyana a cikin da dama manyan Turai birane. Typography ga Turawa da muhimmanci: na bunƙasa tattalin arziki guda biyu tare da kimiyya da kuma fasaha ci gaba, dã mun kasance kawai zai yiwu ba ba tare da magance bukatar ajiya da kuma watsa bayanai.

Typography a Rasha da dama ayykan dake tattare da. Ga printings sun zama dole, na farko, domin ra'ayi karfafa taba-kara ikon da autocrat da Orthodox Church. Wannan shi ne taro samar da littattafai na addini fuskantarwa ya, a cikin ra'ayi Ivana Groznogo, ba kawai don daidaita dukan coci littattafai, yin kawar da shigewar bayyana karkata, ƙungiyoyi, amma kuma don ƙirƙirar da zama dole akida da dalilin sakawa na Rasha a matsayin mai girma da iko.

Fara buga a Rasha kiwata a yawan tambayoyi. Da fari dai, tarihin magana na Ivan Fedorov da farko bugu ne sosai m, kuma m. Haka kuma, a cikin haruffa na Ivana Groznogo da aka ambata dangane da farko na masana'antu samar da littattafan mutane kamar Marusha Nefed'ev da Vasyuk Nikiforov, cikakken bayani game da abin da ba su ba. Basic data kai tsaye game da Ivan Fedorov da Bitrus Mstislavets dauke a cikin ayyukansu na XVII karni riga.

Na biyu, idan bugu tura a Rasha mafi yawa ana hade tare da saki a Moscow a 1564 da littafin "The Manzo", shi ne har yanzu a farkon na XIX karni a fagen view of masana tarihi samu cikin littafin, wanda, kamar yadda aka nuna ta kara jarrabawa, aka buga a Moscow kafin wannan ranar. Masana kimiyya sun yanzu gano bakwai irin littattafan, uku daga cikin litattafan Bishara guda hudu, Zabura, da kuma biyu biyu-Lenten Triodion.

Na uku, ya ce da yawa game da cewa kafin Fedorov a Moscow da wasu birane na Rasha Masters, musamman na gidajen lama, wanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar Buga shagon a buga addini littattafan akwai. A wannan fitowar ta wallafe samar da su shi ne babban isa, ko da yake da ingancin aiki ya fita yawa da za a so.

Bisa ga hukuma tarihi, a farkon bugu a Rasha saboda da musamman manufa cewa Ivan Grozny a tare da tare da Lardi Macarius ya Ivan Fedorov. Don cika wannan umarni ya fara karshe Afrilu 19, 1563, da kuma kawai bayan kusan shekara, Maris 1, 1564, da suka buga na farko "Manzo". A ingancin wannan littafi a hanyoyi da dama m zuwa kasashen waje da takwarorinsu, amma wurare dabam dabam ya kasance musamman da iyaka. A shekara daga baya, Fedorov da Mstislavets da aka buga a Moscow "Breviary", bayan da su aka tilasta barin a Rzeczpospolita, abin da ya halitta wani sabon bugu latsa kuma samar da farko buga "ABC."

Bayan Fedorov bar Moscow, aikinsa a Rasha babban birnin kasar ci gaba Nikifor Tarasievym da Andaranikas, wanda saki "Zabura" a 1568. Duk da sannu ya faru a wuta wanda ya hallaka cikin bugu gidan, masana'antu littafin samar da tsari ba za a iya tsaya. Rasha da aka motsi haƙuri a kan hanya mai haske.

Fara buga a Rasha, duk da dukan abin shaida ga kwanan wata muhawara da daban-daban fassarori, ya zama wani muhimmin milestone a tarihin kasar mu. Samar da wani Moscow bugu ga masana'antu da samar da littattafai jaddada babbar jama'a sha'awa cikin ilimi mutane da halitta preconditions domin kara raya kasar.