Wallafe-wallafen harshen - yana da ... Tarihi na Rasha wallafe-wallafen harshen

Wallafe-wallafen harshen - shi ne daya a kan wanda aka rubuta a can a wasu mutane, da kuma wani lokacin more. Wannan shi ne, a cikin wannan harshe akwai makaranta, rubutu, zamantakewa hulda, don ƙirƙirar wani jami'in-kasuwanci takardun, kimiyya ayyukansu, almarar, aikin jarida, da kuma duk sauran manifestations art, wanda aka bayyana a cikin kalmomi, sau da yawa da aka rubuta, amma wani lokacin na baka . Saboda haka daban-daban da baki-magana da kuma rubuta-littafi irin na adabi harshe. Su hulda, da kuma abin da ya faru rabo ne batun wasu dokokin da labaru.

daban-daban definition

Wallafe-wallafen harshen - wani sabon abu wanda a da kansa hanyar da aka fahimta ta daban-daban masana kimiyya. Wasu yi imani da cewa shi ne al'umma-fadi, kawai sarrafa master of kalmomi, watau marubuta. Proponents irin wannan dabarar na da tuna da farko manufar wallafe-wallafen harshen, Magana game da sabon lokaci, da kuma a lokaci guda mutanen da ladan wakilci a almarar. Ga wasu, da wallafe-wallafen harshen - wani littafi, mai aiki da fuskanceshi live magana, watau magana da harshen. Goyi bayan wannan fassarar ne da harsuna a cikin abin da rubuce-rubuce ne dogon. Duk da haka wasu yi imani da cewa yana da wani harshe a duniya gagarumin zuwa musamman mutane, da bambanci ga jargon da yaruka da cewa ba su da irin wannan duniya muhimmanci. Wallafe-wallafen harshen - shi ne ko da yaushe da sakamakon hadin gwiwa m aiki na mutane. Irin wannan ne taƙaitaccen bayanin da ra'ayi.

Da dangantakar da daban-daban yaruka

Musamman hankali ya kamata a biya zuwa hulda da kuma hulda da yaruka da kuma wallafe-wallafen harshen. A tarihi tushe na daban-daban yaruka barga, da wallafe-wallafen harshen ne mafi wuya ga hada linguistically duk mambobi ne na al'umma. Har yanzu yaruka nasarar gasa da obscheliteraturnogo harshe a kasashen da dama, kamar Indonesia, Italy.

A ra'ayi ne kuma aiki tare da ilimin harsuna ya styles cewa wanzu a cikin iyakoki na kowane harshe. Su wakilci iri-iri, wanda sun ɓullo da tarihi da kuma a cikin abin da akwai wani sa na halaye. Wasu daga cikinsu na iya maimaita ta a cikin daban-daban wasu styles, amma wani irin aiki, kuma wani takamaiman hade da siffofin rarrabe daya style daga wasu. A yau, babban yawan dako ta amfani da salon magana da conversational form.

Bambance-bambance a cikin ci gaban da wallafe-wallafen harshen a daban-daban al'ummai

A tsakiyar zamanai da kuma, a wannan zamanin da mabambantan mutane tarihi na adabi harshen raya daban. Kwatanta, misali, rawar da abin da yake tãre da Latin al'ada a Jamus da kuma Latins farkon tsakiyar zamanai, da ayyuka yi a Ingila, Faransa da harshen da 14th karni, da hulda da Latin, Czech, Polish harshe a cikin 16th karni, da dai sauransu.

A ci gaba da Slavic harsuna

A wani zamanin lokacin da kafa da kuma raya al'umma, kafa da hadin kai na adabi norms. Wannan na faruwa mafi sau da yawa a cikin na farko rubuce-rubuce, amma wani lokacin da tsari zai iya faru a lokaci guda kuma a rubuce da kuma baki. A Rasha Jihar 16-17 ƙarni wani lokaci na aiki domin canonization da streamlining kasuwanci dokokin jihar harshe tare da samuwar uniform bukatun magana na Moscow. A wannan tsari na faruwa a sauran Slavic kasashen, inda akwai wani aiki ci gaban wallafe-wallafen harshen. Domin da Serbian da Bulgarian da shi ne ƙasa da na kowa, kamar yadda a Serbia da kuma Bulgaria ya ba wani yanayi moriya ga ci gaban kasuwanci stationery da kuma jihar harshe a kan wani kasa akai. Rasha kazalika da Polish da kuma wasu har da Czech misali ne na kasa Slavic wallafe-wallafen harshen, wanda kiyaye lamba tare da tsoho rubuce.

Ya zama ya raba hanya da haihuwa al'adar kasa harshe - ne Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya da kuma Ukrainian part. Bugu da kari, akwai Slavic harsuna, wanda ba su ci gaba ci gaba. A wani mataki na wannan ci gaban da aka katse, don haka fitowan na kasa da ilimin harsuna ya peculiarities a wasu kasashe ya haddasa hutu da haihuwa, tsohon rubuta hadisin ko daga baya - a Macedonian, Belarushiyanci harsuna. Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafen harshen a kasar mu.

A tarihin Rasha wallafe-wallafen harshen

A mafi tsufa da wallafe-wallafen Monuments cewa an kiyaye su, kwanan baya zuwa 11th karni. A hira tsari da kuma samuwar Rasha harshen 18-19 ƙarni faru a kan tushen da ta adawa da Faransa - manya harshe. A cikin ayyukan Rasha adabi litattafansu an baje karatu ya fasali, sabon harshe siffofin da aka gabatar. Writers jaddada dukiyarsa da kuma nuna wa abũbuwan amfãni game da waje harsuna. A wannan batun, rigingimu sau da yawa bayyana. An sani, misali, spores da slavophiles tsakanin kasashen yammaci. Daga baya, a Soviet sau, an jaddada cewa, harshen mu - da harshen da magina na kwaminisanci, kamar yadda a cikin kwanaki na Stalin ta mulki ko rike wani dukan yaƙi da cosmopolitanism a Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Kuma yanzu shi ya ci gaba da siffar da tarihi na Rasha da wallafe-wallafen harshen a kasar mu, saboda shi ya auku ci gaba canji.

almara

Almara a cikin nau'i na faxin, karin magana, tãtsũniyõyin, tatsuniyoyi kafe a m tarihi. Samfurori almara shige daga tsara zuwa tsara, daga maganar bakinka, da kuma abun ciki na lafiya kunna su, sabõda haka kawai mafi zauna barga haduwa da kuma siffofin da sabunta harshe a matsayin harshen ci gaba.

Kuma bayan zo da rubuce-rubuce, ya ci gaba da zama da bayar da labarai. Don da baƙauye almara, a wannan zamanin da aka kara da birnin da kuma aiki, kazalika da barayi (watau kurkuku-sansanin) da kuma sojojin. Almara a yau mafi yadu wakilci a barkwanci. Yana kuma rinjayar da rubuce da wallafe-wallafen harshen.

Kamar yadda shi ci gaba a zamanin d Rus wallafe-wallafen harshen?

Rarraba da gabatarwar da rubuce-rubuce a Rasha, wanda ya haifar da samuwar da wallafe-wallafen harshen, mafi yawa ana hade da sunayen Cyril da Methodius.

A Novgorod da kuma sauran birane a cikin shakka daga zamanai 11-15 sun Birch haushi. Babban ɓangare na sauran masu zaman kansu haruffa da suke da yanayi na kasuwanci, kazalika da takardun kamar kotun records, takardar kudi na sayarwa, receipts, ƙullenku. Akwai ma jama'a (umarnin a kan tattalin arziki, riddles, makaranta jokes, mãkirci), da wallafe-wallafen da addini texts, kazalika da rikodi, sa wani horo harafin (yara scribbles da kuma zane, makaranta bada, warehouses, Morse).

Gabatar a cikin shekara 863 da 'yan'uwa Cyril da Methodius Church Slavonic haruffa aka dogara ne a kan wani harshe kamar Old Church Slavonic, wanda ya faru a nuna na Kudu Slavic yaruka, ko kuma wajen, daga haihuwa Bulgarian harshe, ta Macedonian yare. Da wallafe-wallafen aikin na wadannan 'yan'uwa da aka farko fassara littattafan Tsohon kuma Sabon Alkawari. Da almajirai fassara daga Girkanci cikin Old Church yawa addini littattafai. Wasu masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa Kirill na Mefody gabatar da Glagolitic kuma QFontDatabase haruffa ne ba, da kuma karshen an ci gaba da su dalibai.

Church Slavonic

A harshen na littafin, maimakon magana, ya Church. Yana wãtsu yawa Slavic mutane, wanda yayi aiki a matsayin coci harshen al'ada. Church Slavonic Wallafe-wallafe yada a Moravia a yammacin Slavs, a Romania, Bulgaria da kuma Serbia - kudancin, a cikin Czech Republic, Croatia, Wallachia, kazalika da a Rasha, tare da tallafi na kiristanci. Church Slavonic harshen da aka sosai daban-daban daga magana texts an hõre a cikin rubutu canji sannu a hankali Russified. Kalmomi da aka gabatowa da Rasha suka fara gani da siffofin halayyar da na gida yaruka.

A farko nahawu litattafan da aka wallafa a 1596 Zinaniem Lawrence a 1619 - Meletios Smotritskaya. A karshen 17th karni shi aka gaske kammala aiwatar da kafa wani harshe kamar Church.

18th karni - da gyara daga cikin wallafe-wallafen harshen

MV Lomonosov a cikin 18th karni da aka sanya mafi muhimmanci gyara daga cikin wallafe-wallafen harshen kasar, kazalika da tsarin na versification. Ya rubuta a cikin wata wasika 1739 a cikin abin da ya tsara ka'idodi na versification. Lomonosov, yanã jãyayyar Trediakovskij, rubuta game da bukatar cin gajiyar da ikon mu da harshen maimakon ara daga wasu daban-daban na makirci. A cewar Mikhail Vasilyevich, rubuta wakoki na iya zama da yawa ƙafãfunsu: biyu-syllable (trochaic, iambic), ternary (amphibrach, anapaest, dactyl), amma ya yi imani cewa rabo da Sponda da pyrrhics ba daidai ba.

Bugu da kari, Lomonosov shi ma kimiyya nahawu na Rasha harshe. Ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa, ya dama da kuma dukiyarsa. A nahawu da aka sake buga shi sau 14 da kuma kafa dalilin nan gaba a cikin wani aiki - nahawu sanya hannu (aka rubuta a 1771), wanda ya kasance dalibi na Mikhail Vasilyevich.

A zamani da wallafe-wallafen harshen a kasar mu

Its mahalicci ya ce Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, waɗanda ayyukansu - saman adabi a kasar mu. Wannan rubutun shi ne har yanzu dacewa, amma a karshe shekara ɗari biyu a cikin harshen ya halartar babban canje-canje, da kuma a yau za a iya gani a bayyane stylistic bambance-bambance tsakanin zamani harshe da kuma harshen Pushkin. Duk da cewa dokokin na zamani da wallafe-wallafen harshen yau ya canza, kuma har yanzu muna la'akari da shi a model samfurin na Alexander.

A mawãƙi kansa halin da ake nuna wa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar da wallafe-wallafen harshen, NM Karamzin, kamar yadda wannan mai daraja marubuci kuma tarihi, bisa ga Alexander, da warware daga karkiyar wani Rasha harshen da kõma mai 'yanci.