Mene ne arsenic? Features, Properties da aikace-aikace

Arsenic - sinadari nitrogen kungiyar (Group 15 na lokaci-lokaci tebur). Wannan launin toka ƙarfe luster gaggautsa abu (α-arsenic) tare da wani rhombohedral crystal raga. Lokacin da ya kona zuwa 600 ° C As sublimates. Bayan da sanyaya, wani tururi, wani sabon canji - Yellow arsenic. Sama 270 ° C duk Kamar yadda aka motsi a cikin baki arsenic.

Tarihi na samu

A gaskiya wannan arsenic aka sani tun kafin amincewa da ta sinadaran abubuwa. A IV c. BC. e. Aristotle yi magana da wani abu da ake kira "sandarak", wanda yanzu ya yi ĩmãni ya yi kasance realgar, ko arsenic sulfide. Kuma a cikin na karni BC. e. Pliniy Starshy da kuma marubuta Pedany Dioscoride bayyana auripigment - fenti As ₂ S _3. A XI a. n. e. sãɓã wa jũna uku iri "arsenic" fari (As ₄ Ya _6), rawaya (As ₂ S _3), da kuma ja (As ₄ S _4). The abu da kanta tabbas aka farko ware a cikin XIII karni, Albert Mai girma, wanda ya lura da bayyanar da karfe-kamar abu idan Ars, kuma aka sani a matsayin As ₂ S ₃ da aka kona tare da sabulu da kuma ruwa. Amma amincewa a gaskiyar cewa halitta masanin kimiyyar da aka tsarki arsenic, babu. A farko real shaida daga cikin kasafi na tsarki sinadari ne mai kwanan rana zuwa 1649. Jamus harhaɗa magunguna Iogann Shreder shirya arsenic, dumama shi a gaban carbon monoxide. Daga baya Nicolas Lemery, Faransa likita da kuma sunadarai lura da samuwar wannan sinadari ta gasa a cakuda da wani oxide, kuma potash soaps. By farkon XVIII karni, arsenic aka riga aka sani a matsayin na musamman Semi-karfe.

Yaduwar

A duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma shi ne low arsenic taro da aka 1.5 ppm. An samu a gona da kuma ma'adanai da kuma iya samu shiga cikin iska, ruwa da ƙasa saboda iska da kuma ruwan yashewa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wani kashi ya shiga cikin yanayi daga sauran kafofin. A sakamakon volcanic eruptions a cikin iska da aka saki game da 3 da dubu. T arsenic a kowace shekara, kwayoyin samar da dubu 20. T maras tabbas metilarsina a shekara, kuma a sakamakon kona burbushin habaka a daidai wannan lokacin da aka kasaftawa 80 dubu. T.

Duk da cewa da As - wani m guba, shi ne wani muhimmin bangaren da ikon wasu dabbobi da yiwu mutum, ko da yake wajibi ne kashi wuce 0.01 MG / rana.

Arsenic ne musamman wuya a fassara a cikin wani ruwa mai narkewa ko maras tabbas jihar. Da cewa shi ne quite mobile, yana nufin cewa wani babban taro na abu a wani wuri guda ba zai iya bayyana. A daya hannun, wannan abu ne mai kyau, amma a kan sauran - sauƙi da wanda shi shimfidawa, shi ne dalilin da cewa arsenic samu yana zama ya fi girma matsala. Saboda ayyukan mutane, akasarinsu ta hanyar hako ma'adinai da kuma narkewa, yawanci immobile sinadari migrates, kuma yanzu ana iya gano ba kawai a cikin wurare na halitta taro.

The adadin arsenic a cikin ɓawon burodi ne kamar 5 g da ton. A sarari, ya kiyasta a matsayin maida hankali 4 kwayoyin halitta da miliyan silicon kwayoyin halitta. Wannan kashi ne yadu rarraba. A kananan adadin ne ba a cikin 'yan qasar jihar. Yawanci, da samuwar 90-98% tsarki arsenic faruwa tare da karafa kamar antimony da azurfa. Mafi yawa daga shi, duk da haka, shi ne wani ɓangare daga fiye da 150 daban-daban ma'adanai - sulphides, arsenides, sulphoarsenides da arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS ne daya daga cikin na kowa As-qazanta ma'adanai. Sauran kowa arsenic mahadi - ma'adanai realgar As ₄ S _4, auripigment As ₂ S _3, loellingite FeAs da enargite ₂ Cu ₃ ass _4. Har ila yau, kowa arsenic oxide. Mafi yawa daga wannan abu ne mai byproduct na smelting na jan karfe, gubar, cobalt, da zinariya ores.

A yanayi, akwai daya kawai barga isotope na arsenic - ⁷⁵ As. Daga cikin wucin gadi rediyoaktif isotopes saki ⁷⁶ Kamar yadda c rabin-rai na 26,4 hours. Arsenic-72, -74 kuma -76 ana amfani da likita bincikowa.

Masana'antu samar da amfani

Metal arsenic arsenopyrite ta shirya dumama zuwa 650-700 ° C ba tare da samun damar da iska. Idan arsenopyrite da sauran karfe ores mai tsanani tare da oxygen, da As sauƙi reacts tare da su a fili form readily sublimes As ₄ Ya _6, kuma aka sani da suna "fari arsenic". oxide vapors aka tattara, da kuma takaice, kuma baya sake tsarkake ta sublimation. Mai Kamar yadda aka samar da carbon akan rage fari arsenic haka samu.

Duniya amfani na ƙarfe arsenic ne gwada da kananan - kawai 'yan dari ton a kowace shekara. Da yawa daga abin da aka cinye, zo daga Sweden. Ana amfani da a metallurgy saboda ta metalloid Properties. Game 1% na arsenic da ake amfani a yi da gubar harbi, kamar yadda inganta roundness na zubi droplets. The kaddarorin da hali gami dangane da gubar suna inganta biyu a cikin thermal da kuma inji halaye na lokacin da suka dauke game da 3% na arsenic. A gaban adadi kaɗan na wannan sinadari a cikin gubar gami tempers su ga yin amfani da baturan da kuma USB makamai. Kananan impurities ne arsenic karuwa lalata juriya da kuma thermal Properties na jan karfe da tagulla. The tsarki elemental sinadaran As tagulla da ake amfani da ake ji coatings kuma a pyrotechnics. Sosai arsenic sami aikace-aikace a semiconductor fasahar, inda aka yi amfani da tare da silicon da germanium, kazalika a cikin nau'i na gallium arsenide (GaAs) a cikin diodes, lasers da transistors.

kamar yadda mahadi

Tun arsenic valence ne 3 da 5, kuma yana da dama hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohin daga -3 don +5, kashi na iya samar da iri dabam dabam mahadi. A mafi muhimmanci sayar da muhimmancin ta oxides, asali siffofin waxanda suke da As ₄ Ya ₆ da kuma As ₂ Ya _5. Arsenous oxide, fiye da aka sani a matsayin fari arsenic, - wani byproduct ƙõnuwa ores na jan karfe, gubar da wasu sauran karafa, kazalika da sulfide ores da arsenopyrite. Shi ne ya fara abu domin mafiya yawa daga cikin sauran mahadi. Bugu da kari, shi ne a yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, yi amfani da decolorizing wakili a yi na gilashi da kuma hana aifuwa na maza ga fata. arsenic pentoxide aka kafa a lokacin da fallasa da oxidant (msl, nitric acid) to fari arsenic. Shi ne babban sashi na kwari, herbicides da m for karfe.

Arsine (Ash _3), mai guba colorless iskar gas kunshi hydrogen da arsenic, - shi ne wani sananne abu. The abu, kuma ya kira arsenical hydrogen an shirya ta hydrolysis na karfe arsenides, kuma karfe dawo daga arsenic mahadi a acid mafita. Ya samu aikace-aikace matsayin dopant a semiconductors da kuma soja guba gas. A noma, babban muhimmanci arsenic acid (H ₃ Aso _4), gubar arsenate (PbHAsO ₄₎ da alli arsenate [Ca ₃ (Aso _{4) 2],} wanda ake amfani da su bakara da ƙasa kuma kwaro iko.

Arsenic - sinadari kafa jam'i na gudanar da mahadi. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} As-As _{(CH3) 2,} misali, amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen da wani yadu amfani desiccant (bushewa wakili) - cacodylic acid. Complex kwayoyin fili na wani kashi amfani da magani daga wasu cututtuka kamar amoebic dysentery lalacewa ta hanyar kwayoyin.

jiki Properties

Mene ne arsenic cikin sharuddan da jiki Properties? A cikin mafi barga jihar, shi ne gaggautsa m karfe m launi tare da low thermal da lantarki watsin. Ko da yake wasu siffofin As ne da karfe-kamar, aikinsa zuwa ba karafa - a mafi m faye hali na arsenic. Akwai sauran iri arsenic, amma suka ba su sosai karatu, musamman rawaya metastable form, kunsha na kwayoyin As _4, kamar fari phosphorus P _4. Arsenic sublimes a zazzabi na 613 ° C, da kuma yadda wani tururi ya wanzu kamar yadda kwayoyin As _4, wanda ba dissociate zuwa da zazzabi na game da 800 ° C. Complete dissociation daga kwayoyin a kan As ₂ faruwa a 1700 ° C.

Atomic tsarin da ikon samar da shaidu

Lantarki arsenic dabara - 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ² 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p ^{3 -} kamar nitrogen da phosphorus cewa yana da biyar electrons a cikin matsanancin harsashi, amma shi ya bambanta daga gare su a gaban 18 electrons a penultimate harsashi maimakon biyu, ko kuma takwas. Bugu da kari na 10 tabbatacce zargin a cikin zuciyar lokacin ciko biyar 3d-orbitals sau da yawa yana sa janar rage daga cikin electron girgije da kuma kara electronegativity abubuwa. Arsenic a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur za a iya kwatanta ta da sauran kungiyoyin, wanda a fili ya nuna wannan abin kwaikwaya. Alal misali, shi ne kullum yarda cewa tutiya ne mafi electronegative fiye da magnesium da gallium - fiye da aluminum. Duk da haka, a cikin wadannan kungiya, wannan bambanci rage-rage, da kuma da yawa ba su yarda da cewa Jamus electronegativity na silicon, duk da yawan sinadaran da shaida. Wannan miƙa mulki daga 8- zuwa 18-cell membrane daga phosphorus zuwa arsenic zai iya ƙara electronegativity, amma ya kasance mai kawo rigima.

Kama As cikin matsanancin harsashi da kuma P nuna cewa sun iya samar da uku covalent shaidu da zarra a gaban ƙarin Sakakken electron biyu. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka Saboda haka dole ne a +3 ko -3, dangane da juna zumunta electronegativity. A tsarin da arsenic ma da shawara da yiwuwar yin amfani da wani waje d-orbitals domin fadada daga cikin bane cewa damar da kashi samar da wata 5 dangantaka. An gane kawai a dauki tare da sunadarin flourine. A gaban wani free electron biyu ga samuwar hadaddun mahadi (via electron kyauta) Kamar yadda a zarra bayyana yawa fiye da karami da phosphorus da nitrogen.

Arsenic ne barga a bushe iska amma a cikin m rufe baki oxide. Its vapors suna combusted saukin tsari a matsayin ₂ Ya _3. Mene ne arsenic a free jihar? An kusan ba fallasa zuwa ruwa, alkalis da kuma wadanda ba oxidizing acid, amma aka oxidized tare da nitric acid a jihar +5. Tun arsenic amsa halogens, sulfur, da kuma da yawa karafa samar arsenides.

hikimar tantance sunadarai

The abu za a iya gano qualitatively arsenic matsayin rawaya orpiment precipitates karkashin mataki na 25% hydrochloric acid bayani. Traces of As, yawanci ƙaddara da ta yi hira da arsine, wanda za a iya gano ta Maris gwajin. Arsine aka thermally bazu samar da wata black madubi na arsenic cikin kunkuntar tube. By da hanyar Gutzeit bincike impregnated da Mercury chloride karkashin mataki na arsine duhunta saboda hazo Mercury.

arsenic toxicological halaye

cell yawan guba da kuma Kalam ne yadu dabam a cikin wani m kewayon, daga musamman mai guba arsine da kwayoyin Kalam to kawai As, wanda shi ne gwada inert. Wannan shi ne arsenic, ya ce yin amfani da ta gudanar da mahadi a matsayin sinadaran yaki jamiái (Lewisite) da kuma defoliant bororo wakili ( "wakili blue" dangane da wani mai ruwa-ruwa cakuda 5% na cacodylic acid, 26% sodium gishiri daga gare ta).

A general, Kalam na wannan sinadari hangula fata da kuma sa dermatitis. Har ila yau, shawarar kariya daga inhalation na arsenic-dauke da kura, amma mafi guba faruwa a lokacin da ingested. Iyakar halatta taro na Kamar yadda a cikin turbaya da takwas-hour rana ne 0.5 MG / m ^3. Domin arsine kashi an rage wa 0.05 sassa da miliyan. Bayan da yin amfani da mahadi daga cikin sinadaran da rabi kamar yadda herbicides da magungunan kashe qwari, arsenic aikace-aikace a pharmacology bada salvarsan - na farko nasara miyagun ƙwayoyi da syphilis.

Tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya

Arsenic ne daya daga cikin mafi guba abubuwa. Inorganic mahadi daga cikin sinadaran samu da sauƙi a cikin kananan yawa. Masu amfani iya fallasa su arsenic ta hanyar abinci, da ruwa da kuma iska. A daukan hotuna iya faruwa ga lamba na fata da gurbata gona ko ruwa.

da arsenic ciki ne quite low a abinci. Duk da haka, ta matakan kifi da Shellfish iya zama sosai high, tun da suka sha sinadaran aiki kashi na ruwa a cikin abin da suka zauna. A gagarumin adadin inorganic arsenic a kifi iya zama cutarwa ga lafiyar dan adam.

A sakamakon abubuwa ne ma batun mutanen da suka yi aiki tare da su, zama a gidaje gina na itace bi da tare da su, da kuma a kan m ƙasashe, wanda a baya amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.

Inorganic arsenic zai iya sa daban-daban kiwon lafiya effects kamar hangula na ciki da kuma hanjinsu, rage samar da ja da fari da maikacin jini, da fata canji, kuma huhu hangula. An zaci cewa sha na wani gagarumin adadin wannan abu zai iya ƙara chances na tasowa ciwon daji, musamman fata ciwon daji, huhu, hanta da lymphatic tsarin.

Sosai high yawa daga inorganic arsenic ne dalilin rashin haihuwa da kuma ashara a mace, dermatitis, ragewan jure cututtuka, zuciya matsaloli da kuma kwakwalwa lalacewa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan sinadari ne iya tareda žata DNA.

Kashi na mutuwa fari arsenic ne 100 MG.

A kwayoyin fili na wani kashi ko ciwon daji, ko lalata kwayoyin code ba sa, amma high allurai zai iya sa cutar da lafiyar dan adam, kamar su sa m cuta ko jin zafi a ciki.

kamar yadda Properties

Basic sinadaran da jiki Properties na arsenic wadannan:

• Atomic lambar - 33.
• Atomic nauyi - 74,9216.
• Narkewa batu launin toka mold - 814 ° C a matsa lamba na 36 atmospheres.
• Yawa launin toka mold - 5,73 g / cm ³ a 14 ° C.
• Da yawa daga cikin rawaya fom - 2,03 g / cm ³ at 18 ° C.
• Lantarki arsenic dabara - 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4s ² 4p _^3.
• hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency na arsenic - 3, 5.