Mene ne splints? The darajar rabu amfani kalmomi

Ko a yau ne sau da yawa samu wannan kalma a matsayin karan ɗori? A'a, quite rare. Wannan shi ne m, saboda kalmar an dauke rabu amfani, kuma babu wanda ma ya san da darajar. Saboda haka abin da splints? Mun bayyana a kasa.

Sun kasance rare a Jamus, a Faransa. Masana'antu da samar da su da aka located in wani iri-iri na kasashe da garuruwansu. A zuwa na wani peddler ko ziyarar da adalci sun sosai m aukuwa ga dukan iyali. Bayan duk, kowa da kowa zai iya samun abubuwa masu ban sha'awa domin kansu. Ga yara - mai hikaya ga mata - tips for maza - splints da hotuna da labarai na fadace-fadace. Tare da wadannan allon mutane suka fara don ƙarin koyo game da duniya da kuma kasarsu. Bayan duk, kafin su aka fi iyakance a cikin wannan.

Lubok: ma'anar, ma'ana

Saboda haka, karan ɗori (a cikin mafi yawan na kowa ma'anarta) - a irin mutãne graphics, hoto, da jawo da Bugu da kari tasirin. A rarrabe ne sauƙi na drive images. Wannan irin Folk yi farko a cikin art na engraving a kan jan ko xylographie sa'an nan aka fentin da hannu. Sun bayyana su a cikin babban haruffa na tatsuniyoyi da Legends.

Wannan sunan da aka samu daga musamman sabon allon. Suka kira phloem (Saboda haka kalmar "bene"). Kafin a kan allon ya fara yin images, har yanzu suna amfani da irin wannan manufar. Alal misali, sun yi zane, rubuta tsare-tsaren. Da farko hotuna da ake kira "fryazhskie zanen gado", sa'an nan kawai splints.
Ma'ana Lubkov a thesauruses shubuha. Alal misali, a karan ɗori - shi ne ma wani farantin daga sabo Layer na itace haushi. Wannan shi ne, na ciki na da bawo, mafi yawa matasa deciduous itatuwa. Daga shi sau da yawa sa kananan katako, kwalaye, kwalaye.

Wani manufa m kwafi (ma'anar kalmar a cikin ƙamus don tabbatar da wannan bayanai) - taimako bi da bi. Wannan sunan ya kasance daga wani hula for a speedy daidai da kashi. Sai suka kira da kwanduna, kwalaye sanya wannan abu.

Sau da yawa karan ɗori wajen da kuma lemun tsami jirgin a kan wanda baya yin etching zama dole domin buga hoton. Amma da yawa kasa da kalmar yana da ma'anar kamar yadda "adabin" (cheap m adabi). Irin ayyukan da ake bambanta da matsananci sauki, za mu iya ce - m. Kamar yadda irin wannan, ba su kasance sunã kawai a ciki amma kuma a zane.

The darajar rabu amfani kalmomi karan ɗori ne ba ko da yaushe amfani ga Dabarar ko masana'antu kwanduna. Dry lubok kuma mai rufi da kuma wani na sama na rufi a kauyuka. Amma ya zama ya dace da shi ya zama dole in je, ta hanyar wasu horo domin irin wannan splints. A farko shi duk lokacin rani dogon bushe a cikin dazuzzuka, sa'an nan tsarkake daga cikin matsanancin farin ciki ɓawon burodi, steamed sa'an nan bushe sake karkiyar. Kuma a sa'an nan suka ɗauko daga cikin dazuzzuka. Dole ne ya zama a cikin Extended matsayi.

Kamancin ga kalma karan ɗori

Saboda haka, karatu da ma'anar kalmar karan ɗori, 4 makaranta aji ya shafi familiarization tare da synonymous. Daya daga cikin manyan ne Bast. Haushi - shi ne ma wani ɓangare na ciki haushi da wani matashi itace. Har yanzu wajen raunana Podkoren. Kamar yadda kayan amfani a da yawa kayayyakin.

Wadannan na kowa (amma kasa sanannun) synonymous - agitlubok. Agitlubok - yana da guda karan ɗori, amma tare da farfaganda kwana. Siffofinsa, kuma mafi intelligibly Yã tin, kuma suka kira domin wani abu.

Wani kadan-san dangantawa - balagurnik. Balagurnik - yana da ba kawai wani hoto, a karan ɗori da m image, tare da wasu satire ko caricature.

A mafi kimiyya sharuddan karan ɗori kawai ake kira phloem. Idan muka dauki matsayin darajar ba haushi, amma kamar yadda shi ne wani image, shi ne sau da yawa kira a cikin saba - hoto.

Tarihi karan ɗori-kamar graphics

Splints samo asali a kasar Sin. Har ƙarni na takwas, suna da cikakken aiwatar da hannu, da kuma kawai tun da shi ya fara kawo su a cikin art na engraving. Next karan ɗori bayyana a Turai. Sai ya fara a za'ayi da farko a cikin woodcut dabara. Woodcuts - shi ne engraving a kan itacen. Daga baya suka fara da za a kara da engraving a kan tagulla da kuma lithographs. Lithography - mai zanen yatsa image tare da wani abu lebur a kan takarda. Nan da nan splints ana amfani ba kawai a matsayin talakawa image amma kuma a matsayin farfaganda ko talla abu. Wannan ya taimaka da su sauki da kuma tsabta.

Akwai ma splints da kuma na batsa da abun ciki. Sun kasance sũ ne m, yafi a Turai, amma fadi a Rasha. Yafi daga Faransa da kuma Jamus.

ubiquity

Ka yi la'akari da abin da splints a fahimtar da Orientals. Ya launuka sun yawa haske. Kuma a karshen cikin XIX karni shi ya fara a kõma a cikin nau'i na Comics.

A XVI-XVII ƙarni a Rasha akwai wasu "fryazhskie zanen gado" ko "Jamus shagala zanen gado." A nan, hoton sanya a kan musamman allon, kira phloem. Suka fara bayyana ba kawai katakai da hotuna, amma kuma fentin a wannan dabara ducts da kuma kwalaye. Har ila yau, ya gana da takarda splints.

Splints a Rasha sun fairly tartsatsi, kamar yadda kudin ne m, duba da kyau. Irin wannan zanen gado da aka yi, da kuma zamantakewa da kuma nisha rawa. Yana da har zuwa su tafi duk halin yanzu da kuma sani a gare mu posters, comic littattafai, kalandarku.

mãkirci

Da farko, batutuwa ga m kwafi sun hannunka-rubuce labaru, wasu baka labaru, tatsuniyoyi da kuma epics. Da zarar batutuwa fara shan na waje ayyukan ƙwarai, kuma anthologies. Su da aka dauka daga cikin labarun da marubuta kamar Goethe da Radcliffe.

By ƙarshen XIX karni shi ya zama mafi m images a kan jigo na Littafi Mai Tsarki, ko hotuna na shahararrun mutane da kuma statesmen. Hoton ya fara zuba jari fiye da babban ma'anar. Ko da shi ne ba farfaganda, shi har yanzu haifa wasu da fa'ida. Sau da yawa wadannan sun sauki zanuka don tatsuniyoyi ko birane image.

Siffofin m kwafi

Ma'ana karan ɗori ne multifaceted kuma bambancin, da kuma ta ra'ayoyi za a iya jera na dogon lokaci:

• Ruhaniya (addini) - image, kama da gumaka. Su ma zai iya zama wanda aka nuna misalin wasu ko wa'azin.
• Fabulous - da saba misalai na daban-daban tãtsũniyõyin. Images of heroes, mayu.
• Holidays - Oddly isa, amma irin wannan splints aka nuna tsarkaka da kuma ba da daban-daban bukukuwa.
• Ilimin falsafa - kamar ruhaniya, amma ba addini.
• Tarihi - batutuwa dauka daga cikin tarihin. Yana Zagayawar a matsayin yaƙi, kawai da abubuwan tarihin da na birni. Wani lokaci ko da topographic maps.
• Legal - Kotun image.
• Mahayan - a irin wannan splints Zagayawar da mahaya dawakai.
• Balagurnik - majigin satirnye image.

A samar da yi Lubkov

Production na rare kwafi aka tsunduma sassake. Suna kuma kira "fryazhskie sassaƙa sana'a." Kalmar "znamenovanie" wanzu tsakanin wadannan mutane. Saboda haka ya yi kira da aiwatar da zane da kuma zanen hotuna. Saboda haka, da aikinsu yawanci shared. Wannan shi ne, da farko Znamenshchikov sãme jawo kanta, sa'an nan da sassaƙa yana da ya yanke a bukata abu. Bayyana da kuma ajali kamar "canja wuri". Saboda haka ina kira up Lubkov.

A masana'antu tsari ya zama kamar haka: a kan jirgin farko da fensir zane amfani kansa, sa'an nan wuka kara bunkasa wadanda wuraren da aka kamata ya zama fari. Lubricated hukumar sa'an nan guga man saukar zuwa latsa takarda. A sakamakon haka, shi ya kasance baki shaci na image.

Next splints aka fentin. Sau da yawa sosai wannan da aka yi ta mata da kuma yara. Price karan ɗori dogara, ba shakka, daga cikin takarda a kan abin da aka sanya. Mene ne splints a kan mafi arha, kuma m takarda? Suka kira "prostovikami".

A tsawon lokaci, samar da fasaha, don inganta da kuma m. Suka fara bayyana ba kawai sassake da kuma artists kuma sassake. Suka fara aiki a kan jan faranti da dama yankan kayan aikin. Wannan ya taimaka wajen kara wa image mai yawa kananan sassa da kuma cikakken bayani.

Production a Rasha

farko factory aka haife shi a Moscow a Rasha. Ta yi aiki mai yawa inji, da kuma splints aka sanya a cikin manyan lambobi. Price ya daban-daban (daga rabin dinari, to ashirin da biyar aninai).

Saboda samar da cheap m images bayyana, da kuma sabon fasahohin. Alal misali, "tsvetalschiki". Irin wadannan mutane fentin da manya-manyan yawan m kwafi a cikin wani gajeren lokaci, to ba quite kudi mai yawa. Masana'an ba dade a cikin zuwan, da kuma sana'a rayu dogon tun fara bayyana lithography inji.

Popularity Lubkov

A farko da manyan dalilin wannan duniya soyayya shi ne cewa rare kwafi dauki wani littafin aiki da litattafan da suka m talakawa mutum, kuma sun kasance tsada sosai. Su ba kawai ya koyar, amma kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai irin almarar, kamar yadda suka sukan retold epics, tãtsũniyõyin, na baka Legends.

Bugu da kari, splints bauta da kuma bayanai kafofin kamar jaridu ko flyers. A wadannan katakan ne sau da yawa yiwu a samu amfani tips a kan magani, ko kawai fun images a kansu da wani wargi.

Mutane da yawa m kwafi aka sanya sosai, kunã mãsu alfãhari da kyau sosai. Saboda haka, da suka sukan yi amfani da matsayin ado a cikin gidãjensu.

katsalandan

Hakika, ya kamata mu manta da cewa yin katsalandan a cikin kasar da kullum da aka hankali hade da aikin da kuma wallafe-wallafe. Kafin ka yi karan ɗori, da image kanta da za a gwada a m. Idan image bai wuce shi, ko da yaushe tabbata a nuna dalilin cewa manufacturer iya gyara da kuma kokarin ka arziki sake. Kawai bayan da cikakken yabo (ba kawai zane, amma kuma gama karan ɗori) manufacturer zuwa sama da zama dole daftarin aiki authorizing da wurare dabam dabam saki. Kuma ko da daga baya, ya kasance ba su wuce a kayyade adadin. Release of Bast image aka yaushe tare da takardun, wanda aka adana a cikin m. A kowane sabon saki na wurare dabam dabam suna sarrafa da kuma sabon takardun.

Mafi sau da yawa dakatar da gyara kuskure kurakurai. Amma wani lokacin irin wannan cewa image ba ya dace to Rasha haukan da kuma hadisai. Keta dokokin rukunan.

A zamani shekaru

Yana da hadari a ce rare buga style ba a manta da har yanzu. Mutane da yawa san cewa irin wannan splints. Suna amfani a cikin hoto, zane. Mutane da yawa posters da kalandarku ake yi a cikin wannan style yanzu. Yana samar da dama nazarinsa a kan batun. Har ila yau, koyi yadda za a karan ɗori dabara ne yiwu kuma a art makarantu da artisan shagunan.

Hadisai na tsufa ba a manta, ciki har da lexical ma'anar kalmar karan ɗori. Ko da yake su suna inganta tare da wani zamani karkatarwa.