Turanci Navigator da discoverer Dzheyms Kuk. Biography, tarihi na tafiya

Dzheyms Kuk ne daya daga cikin mafi girma da explorers na XVIII karni. Mutumin wanda ya jagoranci dukan uku duniya balaguro, ya gano kuri'a na sabon asashe da kuma tsibiran, wani gogaggen ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, Explorer kuma cartographer - amma wanda shi ne Dzheyms Kuk. A takaice game da tafiyarka, duba wannan labarin.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

A nan gaba mai bincike da aka haife Oktoba 27, 1728 a kauyen Martinu (England). Mahaifinsa m manomi. A tsawon lokaci, da iyali koma kauye na Great Ayton, inda Dzheyms Kuk aka ilimi a gida makaranta. Saboda iyali ya matalauta, da iyaye na James aka tilasta aika shi zuwa wani almajiri shago da suka rayu a wani karamin gari seaside Steytese.

Kamar yadda wani dan shekaru 18 da haihuwa yaro, Dzheyms Kuk, wanda biography gaya game da shi a matsayin mutum jure wahaloli da yawa, kuma kai-m, bar aikinsa a shago da aka hayar a matsayin gida yaro a kan wani jirgin kwal. Kamar haka ya fara aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa. The jirgin a kan wanda ya tafi zuwa teku na farko 'yan shekaru, yafi plied tsakanin London da kuma Turanci birnin Newcastle. Ya kuma yana da lokaci zuwa ziyarci Ireland, Norway da kuma Baltic Sea, kuma kusan dukan free lokaci kishin kai-da ilimi, da sha'awar irin kimiyyar kamar lissafi, kewayawa, ilmin taurari da kuma labarin kasa. Dzheyms Kuk, wanda ya miƙa wani babban matsayi a kan daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa na ciniki kamfanin, ya zaɓi ya enlist talakawa seaman a cikin sojan ruwan rundunar UK. Daga baya ya dauki bangare a cikin shekaru bakwai 'War, da kuma bayan ta ƙarshe tabbatar da wani gogaggen cartographer da topographer.

A ziyararsa ta farko a duniya

A 1766 Birtaniya Admiralty yanke shawarar aika zuwa ga Pacific Ocean kimiyya balaguro, wanda manufarsa shine daban-daban kallo na basamaniyai, kazalika da wasu daga cikin lissafin. Bugu da kari, ya kamata bincika tekun na New Zealand, Tasman har yanzu bude a 1642 aka nada a matsayin shugaban kewayawa Dzheyms Kuk. Tarihinsa, duk da haka, dauke da fiye da daya tafiya, a cikin abin da ya buga da rawar da haddasa.

Dzheyms Kuk tanã gudãna daga Plymouth, a watan Agusta 1768 jirgin balaguro haye Atlantic, ya skirted ta Kudu da Amurka da kuma fito a cikin tekun Pacific. Astronomical aiki da aka yi a tsibirin Tahiti, 3 Yuni, 1769, bayan da Cook ya aika jiragen ruwa a kudu maso yammacin shugabanci, da kuma watanni hudu daga baya kai da New Zealand Coast wanda ya cikakken bincike kafin ci gaba da tafiya. Next, ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa Australia da kuma gano da Torres mashigar, wanda a wancan lokaci aka ba su sani ba Turawa, skirted shi daga arewa, da kuma Oktoba 11, 1970 ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa Batavia. A Indonesia, da balaguro sha wahala annoba da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma dysentery, na da kashi daya bisa uku daga cikin tawagar mutu. Daga can, Cook gangarawa yamma, ya ratsa tekun Indiya, taso keya Afirka da kuma Yuli 12, 1771 koma kasarsa.

Na biyu tafiya a kusa da duniya

A cikin kaka na wannan shekara Birtaniya Admiralty sake fada yau da kullum da yin iyo. Wannan lokaci ya nufa ne don nazarin mafi unexplored sassa na Kudancin Hemisphere da search for zargin kudancin nahiyar. Wannan aiki da aka neme su James Cook.

Biyu jiragen ruwa na balaguro a jirgin ruwa daga Plymouth, 13 Yuli 1772 da kuma 30 Oktoba komai a fili a Kapshtadte (yanzu Cape Town), located a kudancin Afrika. Bayan zama a can for kadan kasa da wata daya, Cook ya ci gaba da gudana a kudancin shugabanci. A tsakiyar watan Disamba, da matafiya gudu a cikin m kankara, da An katange da hanyar jiragen ruwa, amma Cook ba zai daina. Antarctic Circle, ya haye Janairu 17, 1773, amma aka zarar tilasta juya jiragen ruwa a wajen arewa. Fiye da 'yan watanni, ya ziyarci da dama tsibirin na Oceania da Pacific, sa'an nan Ya sanya wani ƙoƙari na karya, ta hanyar zuwa kudu. Janairu 30, 1774 da balaguro gudanar ya isa kudancin batu na tafiya. Cook sa'an nan a sake gangarawa arewa, ziyarci da dama tsibiran. Dzheyms Kuk, wanda biography ne cike da binciken da kuma wannan lokacin ya zo a fadin wani sabon tsibirin. Bayan kammala karatu a cikin yankin, ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa gabas da komai a fili a watan Disamba zuwa Tierra del Fuego. The balaguro koma Ingila Yuli 13, 1775

Bayan kammala wannan tafiya, wanda ya yi Cook sosai shahara a duk faɗin Turai, ya samu wani sabon goyon baya, da kuma zama memba na Royal Kasa Society, wanda kuma bayar da shi a lambar zinariya.

The uku tafiya a kusa da duniya

Dalilin da gaba tafiya fara bincike domin arewa maso yammacin hanya daga Atlantic zuwa tekun Pacific. James Cook ta tafiya fara a Plymouth, daga watan Yuli 12, 1776 a karkashin shugabanci na hagu balaguro na biyu jirgin ruwa. Explorers zo a Kapshtadt, daga can kuma zuwa kudu-maso-gabas da kuma ta karshen 1777 ziyarci Tasmania, New Zealand da kuma sauran wurare. A tsakiyar Disamba na shekara, da balaguro ziyarci Hawaiian Islands, sa'an nan ya ci gaba da bi arewa, inda Cook aika jiragen ruwa tare da ƙasar Kanada da kuma Alaska, ya haye Arctic Circle , kuma nan da nan, a karshe makale a m kankara, aka tilasta juya baya ga kudu.

A Janairu 1779 Cook komai a fili a cikin Hawaiian Islands , kuma zauna a can har a wani lõkaci. Fabrairu 14 tsakanin matuƙan da mazauni ne na tsibirin Hawaii akwai wani rikici a cikin abin da dama matuƙan, ciki har da Captain Dzheyms Kuk aka kashe.

ƙarshe

Legacy Cook - ya tsarin sautinsu, dauke da wani yawa na ethnographic da kasa ba data, akai-akai Aka sake buga shi a harsuna da yawa. Wadannan records a yau ne na musamman sha'awa ga masu bincike. Dzheyms Kuk, wanda biography yalwata da m al'amuran, an dauki daya daga cikin mafi shahararren majagaba tare da irin wannan greats kamar yadda Hristofor Kolumb da Amerigo Vespucci.