A farko tururi locomotive a duniya: tarihi da kuma ban sha'awa facts

A farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu a Turai saboda da sabuwar dabara na tururi engine asali amfani da karafa da kuma sakar masana'antu. M firtsi spodviglo yawa injiniyoyi daidaita da shi ga harkokin sufuri dalilai. Subject na labarin - duniya na farko tururi locomotive da kuma ban sha'awa facts alaka da bayyanar.

abubuwan da ake bukata

The ruwa famfo da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, tun tsufa. Da dama ƙarni ya auku, cewa shi ya koya don amfani da makamashi na tururi, a kan m aikace-aikace na wanda farko ya fara Velikiy Leonardo Vinci. Single tururi engine, halitta a karshen da XVII karni - tururi tukunyar jirgi Faransa Deni Papena (1680), da famfo Banasare Thomas Savery (1898) - sun mai real rarity.

Samar da wani hadari fistan engine, a cikin abin da ruwa ne allura, yake da alaka da sunan da Banasare Thomas Newcomen (1711). Inganta wadannan ƙirƙirãwa kawo makanikai na Glasgow, James Watt worldwide daraja. Wannan ya samu wani lamban kira ga halittar tururi engine (1769), dace da fadi da aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antu.

Duniya na farko locomotive da za a kafa bayan da manufa na da sabuwar dabara: rabuwa da babban Silinda da condenser, wanda ya yale ba ciyar da makamashi a akai da dumama da mota. Production na tururi injuna da aka sa a rafi a 1776 godiya zuwa fitowan da juya, milling da planing inji.

66 injuna da aka gina ta 1785. Duk da haka, don goya Rotary motsi da aiki shaft aka bukata tururi engine biyu addashin. Watt ya jadadda mallaka da shi a 1784, da kuma ta 1800 ya aka riga ana amfani a dukkan masana'antu, tuki da wasu mota.

Richard Trevithick

Suka qirqiro na farko tururi engine a duniya? Daya daga cikin na farko kokarin amfani da tururi engine ga harkokin sufuri da manufar da kasar Faransa Nikola Kyuno, wanda Ya halitta a kai-propelled karusa (1769). A wannan lokacin, Richard Trevithick ya ba har ma da aka haife.

A 'yan qasar na Cornwall (England), sanannen hako ma'adinai yankin, nan gaba kirkiro da aka haife shi a wani babban iyali a 1771-m. Mahaifinsa mutunta hakar gwal, kuma fadi cikin soyayya da yara ilmin lissafi Richard kokarin tallafa a aikin a karkashin kasa, inganta tururi injuna da kuma farashinsa hakar gwal. A 1801-m ga bukatun da sha'anin da ya halitta a wagon - wani samfur na farko bas, wanda daga baya ya zama tartsatsi kamar yadda mai raba yanayin sufuri. Shi ne mai trackless tururi locomotive (da shekara na samu na da lamban kira - 1802 th), da ake kira Puffing Iblis.

Idan Watt Motors sun ƙato saboda amfani da low matsa lamba tururi, shi ba ya ji tsõron R. Trevithick girma da sau da yawa (har zuwa 8 atmospheres). Ikon zauna guda, amma girman da engine aka rage muhimmanci, wanda ya muhimmanci ga ci gaban da kai. Watt ya mayar da martani ga shi barnatar, ban da high-matsa lamba unsafe.

gwajin

jefa baƙin ƙarfe reluwe da aka halitta, a South Wales, da ya kirkiro a lokacin zauna a Cambourne. Trevithick empirically tabbatar da cewa a lokacin da a lamba tare da m santsi dabaran skidding zai auku frictional karfi isa ya motsa da engine, ko da idan wani jinkirta kekunan shanun ɗora Kwatancen da kwal. Yana da muhimmanci sosai a cikin ra'ayi na m dalilai na Enterprises.

Domin masana'antu aikace-aikace na farko tururi locomotive a duniya gina a cikin shekara gabanin shari'ar (1803). Game da su da Turanci jaridu rubuta a watan Fabrairu 1804, na biyu, ya ruwaito da yin amfani da ƙirƙira inji ga harkokin sufuri na 10 ton na baƙin ƙarfe. Kai-propelled karusa a kan reluwe rufe nesa a 9 mil, tare da shugabanci na tafiya ya karu mai tsanani daga kaya up to 15 ton - da mutane 70 ya dauki damar hawa hau karkashin approving ruri taro. A kudi amounted zuwa 5 mil awa, alhali kuwa ba da ake bukata don ƙara ruwa zuwa tukunyar jirgi. Amma shi ne ma amfani da tsauraran matakan locomotive iya ba sun yada haka Trevithick ci gaba da inganta da zane.

Kama Ni da suka iya

Ga sabon model, da ake kira "Kama Ni wanda zai iya", a kan karkata daga London Trevithick gina dogo zobe hanya. Ya yi imanin cewa, masana'antun sha'awar a cikin sabon na'ura. Obnesya Gaskata Ground high shinge, ya ko da ya fara sayar da fata hau tikiti, suna begen su rufe halin kaka da kuma yin riba. A sabon engine damar gudun har zuwa 30 km / h.

Amma da kamfani da aka m. Duniya na farko locomotive fasinja, halitta fun, ba ja hankalin masu industrialists. Saboda da bursting na baƙin ƙarfe dogo, sai ya juya kan, da ciwon sha wahala da tsanani lalacewa. Trevithick ba su ma mayar da ita, yi wasu ƙirƙirãwa. A 1816, ya tafi zuwa Peru tafiyar a kafa ta injuna a gida mahakar.

Fate Trevithick: Interesting Facts

Har 1827 zauna fice kirkiro a kudancin Amirka. Dawo zuwa kasar, ya gano cewa, kyaututukan da ya samu sun samu nasarar amfani da kuma ci gaba da wasu injiniyoyin. Ya mutu a cikin 1833, kasancewa kusan a bara. Babban matsalar, ba a yarda ya aiwatar da ideas a nuna na karni, shi ne rashin hanyoyi. Ya ciyar da sa'a a kan wani musamman share hanyoyi don tururi kuraye, yantar da su daga itatuwa da duwatsu.

A farko tururi locomotive a duniya ya kai ga magani na James Watt a Ingila majalisar, majalisar dakatar injuna da babban matsin tururi. A dokar da aka ba soma, amma har yanzu dakatar da ci gaban Trevithick.

Watt zarginta kan dalibi na sata da ra'ayin halittar tururi engine a kamfanin ta "Botton da Watt". Wannan ya sa wata babbar abin kunya, tilasta Trevithick kare kyau sunan.

Kawai a cikin shekaru 20 da aka kafa domin tururi kai. Yake da alaka da sunan George Stephenson.

Da bude daga cikin jirgin jama'a muhimmancin

A lokacin da rayuwar Trevithick, a 1825, da reluwe cewa alaka da Stockton da Darlington bude. Kai sanar da m Dzhordzh Stefenson ƙirƙira m zane da damar da locomotive a kan m reluwe cire wani nauyi tsarin. A cikin sabuwar dabara da muhimmanci rawa kansu reluwe, waƙa wanda shi ne har yanzu prevalent a cikin Yammacin Turai (1,435 mm). Locomotive a lokacin da bude daga cikin jirgin gudu kansa Stephenson, da kuma gaba bi da cavalcade na mahaya kwasfa kashe a lokacin saukarsa. A al'ajabi taro san babu haddi. The gudun ya 24 km / h.

Ga jama'a bukatun duniya na farko tururi locomotive Stephenson halitta a 1814. Ya rufe a nesa na 30 km, kuma ta tsakiyar karni, duk na Turai an rufe ta da cibiyar sadarwa na Railways. Locomotives fara dauke da ba kawai kaya, amma kuma mutane.

Soviet version

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet na dogon lokaci shi da'awa sun ƙirƙira da locomotive Stephenson Russia Cherepanov. Wannan mahaifi da dansa wai ya aikata shi, ko da daga yammacin Turai. A gaskiya ma, Miron Cherepanov ziyarci Ingila, inda ya ga zane a kan reluwe. Komowa zuwa Vyisky shuka, da ya yi kokarin kwafe abin da ya gani, amma har yanzu a kasa idan ya ga ideas dauki shekaru biyu. Duniya na farko tururi locomotive a kan reluwe aka gwada a 1804 (da yawa la'akari da wannan ranar da ranar haihuwa na engine), da kuma "ƙasar jirgin ruwan" ya bayyana a cikin Rasha a 1833.

Yana da aka yi amfani da ga harkokin sufuri na tama, har ya hallakar da dukan gandun daji a cikin kusanci. Locomotives maye gurbin doki-kõma, tunanin game da sabuwar dabara bayan wani tsawon shekaru biyu.

shi ne m

A Cambourne wani mutum-mutumi na Richard Trevithick rike da farko trackless karusa, qazanta da sunan "sniffing shaidan." A tsarin za a iya gani a da yawa gidajen tarihi sadaukar da tarihi na tururi locomotive. Kuma a inda yake a duniya na farko tururi locomotive?

Da zarar na tsaya ta kirkiro Inns, kuma ya manta don rage zafi, wadda ke goyon bayan tukunyar jirgi zazzabi. Lokacin da ruwa ya Boiled tafi, keken a kan wuta. Isa ga 'yan mintoci, don haka shi ne babu more. Duk da haka, shi ba ya tada gaisuwa Trevithick, ci gaba da yin aiki a kan sabon ƙirƙirãwa.

Wurin binne aka rashin alheri rasa, amma talented m sunan rubuta a zinariya haruffa a cikin tarihin duniya.