Tunanin haka ya wanzu. Rene Dekart: "Ina ganin, saboda haka zan zama"

A ra'ayin, samarwa da Descartes, "Ina tsammani, saboda haka zan zama" (a cikin na asali sauti kamar Cogito ergo Naira Miliyan Xari), - wata sanarwa da aka farko furta dogon da suka wuce, da baya a 17th karni. Yau an dauke wani falsafa sanarwa, ya ƙunshi wani muhimman hakkokin kashi na tunani na zamani, sosai da sosai, Western rationalism. Yabo ya rike shahararsa a nan gaba. Yau, maganar "zaton, saboda haka wanzu" san wani ilimi mutum.

A tunani na Descartes

Descartes ci gaba da wannan hukunci a matsayin gaskiya na farko daidaito, wanda ba za a iya kunyi shakka, kuma inganta wanda za gina wani "gina" gaske ilmi. Wannan shawara ba za a dauka a matsayin cire form "yana zaton wanda ya wanzu, ina zaton, don haka ina zama." Jigon da shi, a maimakon haka, a samodostovernosti, shaidar kasancewar matsayin tunani batu: wani aiki na tunani (da fadi - da gwaninta na sani, misali, saboda tunani da ba a iyakance ga cogito) tana gano wajen, tunanin da na nuna ɓoyayye. Wannan yana nufin yi na sani samoobnaruzhenie batu: Na yi tunani da kuma gano bimbinin wannan tunani, kaina, tana tsaye a bayan da abun ciki da kuma ayyukan.

zažužžukan formuilirovok

Option Cogito ergo Naira Miliyan Xari ( «tunani, saboda haka babu") a cikin mafi muhimmanci aiki na Descartes da ba a amfani, ko da yake wording na wannan kuskuren amfani da wani misãli ba, ta hanyar tunani da aiki a 1641. Descartes tsoron ga abin da suka kasance a baya a aikin halitta damar daban-daban daga cikin mahallin da ya yi amfani da shi a hankali, fassarar. Neman ya tsere daga samar da wani semblance wani takamaiman hasashe fassarar kamar yadda zahiri nufi nan da nan hankali na gaskiya, kai ne bayyanannu, marubucin "Ina tsammani, saboda haka zan zama" kawar da kashi na farko na sama jumla, kuma a bar kawai "Ni" ( "Ni" ). Ya rubuta cewa (Tunani II), cewa kowane lokaci, a lokacin da muka ce "Ni", "Ni", ko suna gane ta da hankali, to, hukuncinsa shi zai zama gaskiya na larura.

A saba nau'i na magana, Izza cogito, ergo Naira Miliyan Xari (a translation - "Ina tsammani, saboda haka zan zama"), da ma'anar wanda yake shi ne a yanzu, fatan za ka gane, ta bayyana a matsayin shaida a shekarar 1644, mai taken "Principles of Falsafa". An rubuta da Descartes a Latin. Duk da haka, wannan ba kawai harshen ideas "zaton, sabili da haka, wanzuwa." Akwai wasu.

Wadda ta gabãta daga Descartes, Augustine

Descartes ba kawai zo da hujja "Ina tsammani, saboda haka zan zama." Wa ya ce wannan magana? Amsa. Long kafin wannan zurfin tunani irin wannan shawara samarwa ta St. Augustine a da shawara tare da shakka. Yana za a iya samu a cikin littafin na Falsafa da ake kira "The City of Allah" (11 littafin, 26). A jumlar sauti haka: Si fallor, jimla ( «Idan Ni ba daidai ba, to, haka ni").

Bambanci tsakanin tunani na Descartes da Augustine

A bambancin da ke tsakanin Descartes da Augustine, duk da haka, shi ne sakamakon, manufa da kuma mahallin shawara "zaton haka wanzu".

Augustine ya fara tunani tare da tabbatarwa cewa mutane neman cikin kansa, gane siffar Allah, Allah a kansu, tun da muka wanzu, kuma mun san game da shi, kuma ba mu son mu ilmi da kuma kasancewa. Wannan falsafa ra'ayin yayi dace da abin da ake kira duffai uku yanayi na Allah. Augustine tasowa da tunani, yana cewa, ya ji tsoro ba na wani ƙin yarda game da sama gaskiyar a kan wani ɓangare na daban-daban da malamai wanda zai yi tambaya, "Me idan ka kwanta" zurfin tunani zai ce cewa don wannan dalili ya wanzu. Saboda ba za a iya yaudaruwa da wani wanda ba ya wanzu.

Neman tare da bangaskiya a cikin ransa, Augustine a cikin yin amfani da wannan shawara ta zo Allah. Descartes dubi tare da shakka da kuma zo ya sani, batu, tunanin abu, wanda shi ne ainihin umurni ne distinctiveness da kuma tsabta. Wannan shi ne cogito farko pacifies, ta hanyar mayar da Allah komai. Na biyu - problematize komai. Saboda, bayan kai a gaskiya na kansa samuwar dan'adam, kamata koma zuwa ci na gaskiya, daban-daban daga "I" ne kullum neman a wannan yanayin da shi bayãni kuma tsabta.

Descartes da kansa ya fito da bambance-bambance tsakanin da kansa shawara da kuma maganar Augustine a amsa Andreas Colva.

Hindu layi daya "zaton, saboda haka zan zama"

Wanda ya bayyana cewa irin wannan tunani da kuma ra'ayoyin sun halayyar kawai na Yammacin rationalism? A Gabas, kuma ya zo da irin wannan ƙarshe. A cewar S. V. Lobanova, Rasha Indology Descartes da wannan ra'ayin shi ne, a Indiya falsafa na daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin ka'idodinta monistic tsarin - Sankara ta Advaita Vedanta da kuma Kashmir Shaivism, ko para-Advaita, cikin shahararrun wakilin ne Abhinavagupta. The masanin kimiyya yi imanin cewa, wannan zargin da aka sa a gaba a matsayin farko yiwuwa a kusa da gina ilimi, wanda, bi da bi, abu ne mai muhimmanci.

Muhimmancin wannan sanarwa

Da furcin "Ina tsammani, saboda haka, babu" nasa Descartes. Bayan shi, mafi masana falsafa ba da ka'idar ilimi na da muhimmanci, kuma suna gode mata, ga shi ga kyakkyawa da yawa da shi. Wannan sanarwa ya aikata mu sani mafi m fiye da ko da kome. Kuma, musamman, daya ta hankali ne a gare mu mu a mafi kwarai fiye da tunani na wasu. A wani falsafa fara da Descartes ( "zaton, saboda haka babu") shi ne yanzu ayan da kayadadden da wani al'amari a gare shawara kamar guda abu da za'a iya sani. Idan a duk zai yiwu a yi amfani da fitarwa daga abin da aka riga aka sani mana game da yanayin zuciyar.

Wannan masanin kimiyya na 17th karni, da kalmar "tunanin" yayin da kawai jabu hada da cewa a nan gaba za a alama ta gabascin kamar yadda sani. Amma a kan falsafa sararin sama ta bayyana jigo na gaba ka'idar. A cikin hasken da bayani na Descartes m zuwa mataki ne wakilta a matsayin mai hallmark na tunani.