Features na zamanin d falsafa

Kafin ya hau a cikin bincike na wasu halaye da yayi na ci gaba da wani kimiyya hoto, shi ya kamata tare da ake bukata mataki na daidaito kafa tarihi tsarin na wadannan trends. Kawai irin wannan fuskanta azurta ci gaba da bincike da yanayi da cewa tare da ci gaban da kimiyya sabon abu.

Kalmar "tsoho falsafa" hada falsafa al'adunmu na zamanin d Girka da Roma.

Domin fiye da biyu millennia faruwa samuwar kuma ci gaban da babban falsafa makarantu da yayi, a tarihin duniya, da kuma a lokacin wannan lokacin ya sami wani mamaki girma da kuma muhimmanci na adadin mutum hikima, da ilimi, da kuma zuwa overestimate darajar wanda shi ne kawai ba zai yiwu. A cikin tarihi al'amari a ci gaba na zamanin d falsafa ne hudu, quite a fili rarrabe, lokaci.

Pre-Socratic lokaci na zamanin d falsafa, a sama da dukan, halin da gaskiyar cewa a cikin lokaci, a gaskiya, ya fitowan da kuma samuwar sabon abu wanda muke kira "tsoho falsafa". The best-sani wakilan ne Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, wanda ya tsaya a asalin sanannen Milesian makaranta. A daidai wannan lokaci da muke aiki da atomists - Democritus, Leucippus, aza harsashin ginin Dialectics. Bright siffofin na zamanin d falsafa bayyana a cikin ayyukan da wakilan da Eleatic makaranta, na farko, Heraclitus na Afisa. Wannan lokaci da aka tsara, kuma na farko Hanyar falsafa ilimi - to bayyana ra'ayoyi da nufin ya gaskata su a matsayin wani akidarsu.

Ƙoƙarin bayyana halitta mamaki, ilmi na jigon da halittu da kuma adam duniya, ma'ana ga muhimman hakkokin ka'idodin duniya - wadannan su ne matsalolin da na zamanin d falsafa, wanda ya sha'awar "pre-Socratic".

Classic, ko kamar yadda shi ne ake kira - Socratic lokaci - yake a flowering na zamanin d falsafa, a wannan mataki mafi fili bayyana halaye na zamanin d falsafa tunani.

The main " 'yan wasan kwaikwayo" na wannan lokaci su ne manyan Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Babban fasali na zamanin d falsafa na wannan lokaci shi ne cewa gabascin yi yunƙurin shiga da zurfi cikin da'irar matsalolin da aka gano da suke a gabãninsu. Da farko, ya kamata a lura da taimako ga ci gaban hanya, maimakon declarative-yaudarar ilmi suka yi amfani da hanyar tattaunawa da kuma shaida, wanda ya kai ga m ci gaba a cikin tsarin na guda falsafa sanin dukan yankunan, wanda daga baya spun kashe a cikin wani m sciences - lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, labarin kasa da kuma wasu. A Thinkers na gargajiya lokaci (haka ko da a cikin adabi ne da ake kira Socratic lokaci, ci gaban falsafa) kadan kasa yi magana game da al'amurran da suka shafi muhimman ka'idojin duniya, amma ta ja wani ƙunshe ra'ayinmu game da duniya, da alama farkon mai girma muhawara game da fifiko na koyarwar jari-hujja da kuma idealism. A cikin koyarwar musamman tsoho falsafa bayyana a gaskiyar cewa shi damar hada da alloli a cikin kimiyya fassarar da ra'ayoyi da halittar kuma da halitta. Plato da Aristotle kasance na farko da suka nuna sha'awa a cikin matsalolin da dangantaka da jama'a da kuma jihar.

Next, da tarihi na zamanin d falsafa da aka ci gaba da wakilan da Stoic koyarwa, da Academy of Plato, Epicurus falsafa halittun. Wannan lokaci ya zama sananne a karkashin sunan tsawon Greek wayewa - Helenawa. An halin da weakening na rawa wajen ci gaban na falsafa ilimi shi ne ainihin Hellenanci bangaren.

Bambanta fasali na Hellenistic lokaci kunshi a gaskiya cewa rikicin na darajar sharudda da ya kai ga musu da kin amincewa da ko da a baya hukuma, ciki har da alloli. Da masana falsafa da kiran mutum da ya nemi da kafofin na da ƙarfi, ta jiki da kuma halin kirki, to duba a cikin kansa, wani lokacin kawo wannan bege ga batu na Wauta, wanda aka nuna a cikin koyarwar Stoics.

Roman lokaci, wasu masu bincike kiran lokaci halakar tsoho falsafa, wanda a kanta sauti kyawawan m. Duk da haka, ya kamata mu gane da gaskiyar a wasu lalacewar tsoho falsafa, ta dilution a cikin falsafa rukunai na sauran yankuna da kuma jama'arsu. Mafi shahararren wakilan wannan mataki sun Shenglijia kuma daga baya Stoics, Mark Avrely, tit Lukretsy Carus. A cikin view, musamman tsoho falsafa bayyana a cikin karu da hankali ga al'amurran da suka shafi na ilmi, yanayi da kuma manyan al'amurra na jihar matsaloli a kan matsaloli da mutum. A wannan lokacin, kunno kai jagorancin matsayi ƙunshe hoto na duniya dangane da jari-hujja. Da zuwan Kiristanci, tsoho falsafa hankali Yanã shigar da shi don samar a sakamakon wani muhimman hakkokin manufa na na da tauhidin.

Hakika, kowane daga cikin dauke mataki yana da halaye. Amma tsoho falsafa ma ya mallaka Properties cewa da transtemporal hali - hankula na duk lokuta. Daga cikin wadannan iya kira rarrabuwa na zamanin d falsafa da tunani daga musamman batutuwan da suka shafi kasa samarwa, da bege na masana falsafa zuwa matsayi da kansu a cikin al'umma a matsayin yan dako na "cikakkiyar" gaskiyar cosmocentrism, da kuma a cikin Lãhira, saukarwa - hadawa shi da anthropocentrism. Ancient falsafa a matakai na ta ci gaba da aka da nasaba da tauhidin ganewarsu.