Sultan na Ottoman Empire da 99th Halif Abdul-Hamid II: biography, iyali

A farkon karni XIX Ottoman Empire ya a Jihar rikicin. Izvedonnaya wars da baya da baya a duk mutunta, kasar na bukatar wani overhaul. Tanzimat gyãra, wanda aka za'ayi daga 1839, Abdul Medzhid I, sun shafa shi gaskiya ma. Amma a cikin '70s, a zamanin mulkin Sultan Abdul Aziz, su sun ɓãci. A jihar ne kusan fatara. Haraji raunana Kiristoci yunkuri. Barazana shiga tsakani na Turai iko. Sa'an nan New Ottoman, karkashin jagorancin Midhat Pasha, wanda mafarkin na wata makoma ga kasar, ya ciyar da dama fada juyin mulki ne, a sakamakon wanda ya zo da iko, Abdul-Hamid II.

The mutum, wanda pinned ta fatan m ilimi, ya zama daya daga cikin mafi m autocrats daular, da kuma mulkinsa aka kira "zulyum", wanda aka fassara daga Turkish nufin "zalunci" ko "zaluncin".

Ainihi na Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II aka haife a kan 22 ga watan Satumba, 1842. Uwãyensa sun kasance Sultan Abdul Majid na da hudu matar Tirimüjgan Sultan, wanda ya, a cewar daya version, da Armenian, a kan sauran - da Circassian asalin.

A nan gaba sarki samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi. An musamman da aka sani soja al'amura. Abdul-Hamid ya saku, a harsuna da dama, ya kasance m to shayari kuma music. Ya musamman ƙaunar wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da cewa ci gaba kalifa a lokacin tafiyarka a Turai. Domin Ottoman Empire irin art wani abu ba a sani ba, kuma baƙo, amma Abdul-Hamid ya yi aiki tukuru domin cin gaban su a gida. Ya ma rubuta wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma sanya shi a Istanbul. Lokacin Agusta 31, 1876, Abdul-Hamid zo a kan karaga, babu wanda zai yi tunanin cewa zai zama mahalicci ba kawai na art amma kuma da na jini gwamnatin, wanda za a dauka da dubban daruruwan rayuka.

Shigarwa zuwa kursiyin "Kazamin Sultan"

A waɗannan shekaru, da sabon Ottoman duk} o} arin kawo canji game da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Conservative Abdul-Aziz aka hambarar da su sa hannu May 30, 1876, da kuma 'yan kwanaki daga baya ya kashe. A wurin, da tsarin mulki motsi sa Murat V, wa Abdul-Hamid. Ya aka lura ga tawali'u hali, m da kuma ilimi da sake fasalin. Amma jini feuds, kwatsam-samu ikon da barasa zagi sa mai tsanani rashin lafiya a cikin sabon Sultan, tsananin sonta take rayuwa a cikin greenhouse yanayi. Murat V bai iya gudanar da daular, da kuma mafi muhimmanci, ba zai iya ba da kasa a kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.

A halin da ake ciki a jihar da kuma waje aggravated. Serbia da Montenegro ayyana yaki kan Empire, kokarin kare Kiristoci daga Bosnia da Herzegovina, da 'yan tawaye a kan Turkish karkiya. Murat V aka ayyana mahaukaci da kuma ikon da aka Abdul Hamid II na, alkawari sabon Ottoman cika dukan su bukatun.

A shela na farko Turkish kundin tsarin mulkin kasar

A zuciya, da Halifa ya ba wani mai goyon bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi ideas. Amma a fili bayyana matsayin su, ya kawo shi zuwa kursiyin da Baturke kawo dukkan kasance m. A sabon Ottoman sultan fara jinkirta da shela da kundin tsarin mulki, yana nufin ta ajizanci. Da doka ta asali ne kullum reworked da lafiya-saurare. A halin yanzu, Rasha ya bukaci a ƙarshe na zaman lafiya tare da Serbia da Montenegro, kuma tare da hadin gwiwar Turai da iko suka fara samar Bulgaria ta cin gashin aikin, Bosnia da Herzegovina.

A halin yanzu siga halin da ake ciki, Midhat Pasha ya shirye domin wata hadaya domin kare kanka da shela da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Abdul-Hamid ya nada sabon shugaban Ottoman Grand Vizier kuma amince da su buga shi a karkashin yanayin ƙara daya abu to abu. 113, bisa ga abin da, da sultan na iya fitar da wani mummũnan aiki a fuskarsa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki shi ne ya ba da 'yanci da kuma tsaro na kowane mutum, ko da addini, aka zayyana Disamba 23, 1876 a Istanbul taro. A ta yanke shawara, Abdul-Hamid dan lokaci gurgunta Turai kokarin 'yantar da Kiristoci da kuma kiyaye kusan Unlimited iko.

Kiyashin da sabon Ottoman

Nan da nan bayan da shela da kundin tsarin mulki na kalifa fara cũtar da baitul da kuma gabatar da danniya na Metropolitan jaridu. Wadannan ayyuka sun haifar da tashin hankali da Midhat Pasha, wanda ya fito fili ya nuna rashin biyan bukata da ayyuka na Sultan. Abdul-Hamid watsi da zanga-zangar har da babban vizier bai rubuta shi a m harafi. A shi Midhat Pasha jãyayya da cewa kalifa kansa hana ci gaban jihar. Ottoman Sultan, outraged irin wannan girman kai, da umarnin kama shugaban constitutionalists da kuma sadar da jirgin "Izzedin" kyaftin wanda ya dauki Midhat Pasha a wani waje mai tashar jiragen ruwa da suka zabi. Halifa ya yi a dama godiya ga Bugu da kari ga Art. 113 na kundin tsarin mulki na Ottoman Empire.

mai yawa danniya a kan sassaucin ra'ayi, amma ba su sa jama'a zãlunci; aka za'ayi a watanni masu zuwa. Halitta na farko kundin tsarin mulki bai damu game da ajin goyon baya, don haka su da kyau gudanarda ayyuka da aka yi musu kyauta sharewa rũɗe su Abdul-Hamid II.

A farkon zamanin "zulyuma"

Halifa ya shirya wani kundin tsarin mulkin biyayya hada da, kuma yarda da Turai iko. Layinhantsaki, kõma sama da su jim kadan bayan da Istanbul taron, ya bukaci kawo karshen rikici da Kiristoci sun kasance a kan yajin, Abdul Hamid II kawai watsi. Kuma Rasha ayyana yaki kan Empire, wanda ya nuna duk surkin jini da kuma ci baya sultanatskogo gwamnatin a watan Afrilu 1877. A watan Maris 1878, ta kasance mai cikakken shan kashi na Ottoman Empire. A halin yanzu, sakamakon da yaki aka taƙaice a Berlin Congress, da gwanayen Abdul-Hamid narkar da majalisar illa ma sha Allahu, game da shi tauye tsarin mulkin kasar.

The yaki ya kawo daular babbar yankin asarar. Daga karkashin ta iko ya fita Bosnia da Herzegovina, Romania, da sauran larduna. A jihar ta sanya wata babbar indemnity, da kuma Abdul Hamid II a karshen na majalisa da aka yi gyãra a cikin yankunan lugar ta Armenia. Zai ze cewa Kirista rayuwa ne da za a inganta, amma Sultan na Ottoman Empire bai cika alkawuransa. Haka kuma, bayan da mai walãkantarwa faduwa a yakin da ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi ra'ayin da aka bisani aka kuma kasar zo baki sau, da ake kira "zulyum".

A tattalin arziki ƙi kasar

Abdul-Hamid ne gaba daya kwace mulki. Ya yi kokarin kare 'yancin yankunanta na jihar ta akidar Islama. 99th Halifa tsunduma moriyar Larabawa, Circassian da kuma Kurdawa mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji, mafi girma Musulmi shugabannin addini da kuma manyan burokrasi. Suka zahiri mulkin kasar. Uncomplaining tashar jiragen ruwa ya zama wasan yara a hannuwansu. Baitul bayansa a kudi na kasashen waje da rance. Bashin girma da kuma 'yan kasashen waje ba sauƙaƙewa. Ikon sake ayyana kanta fatara. Bashi Empire aka kafa "Department of Ottoman jama'a bashi." A kasar ne gaba daya fadi karkashin iko da kudi ta duniya da kuma mamaye kasashen waje babban birnin kasar a cikin shi, wanda kawai sata riga matalauta. Tax zalunci a kasar ya karu sosai. Great ikon fadi a cikin disrepair, zama a Semi-mallaka na kasashen waje.

Paranoia da danniya

A karkashin wadannan yanayi, da sultan ya fi jin tsoron makomar Abdul-Aziz da kuma Murat V. ku ji tsõro daga cikin yiwu shaida na wata fadar juyin mulki da kuma shiga paranoia, wanda ya batun cikakken kome. Yildiz Palace, wanda zaunar da Halifa, aka cika su da masu gadi.

Akwai ku an aiki ba fasawa musu da ofishin, don sarrafa da ayyukan duk gwamnatin sashen, kuma al'adar mafi girma Sanov Empire. Duk wani abu kadan ya sa fushi Abdul Hamid iya kudin mutum ba kawai ga asarar matsayinsu, amma kuma rai. The kawo dukkan ya zama babban abokin gaba da Sultan, don haka ya rayayye karfafa jãhilci. Babu hidima, gangarawa sashen mashigai, ya ba da mafi girma ilimi. Saboda shi zai iya wuce domin unreliability, sabili da haka ƙyãmã ga Sultan. Lardin jami'an da bai iya ba fariya na babban al'adu matakin. A cikin da'ira mulki arbitrariness da kuma cin hanci da rashawa. Abdul Hamid kansa fĩfĩta ba su bar gidan sarauta. A togiya ne kawai selyamlik. Ya shirya wani m leken asiri cibiyar sadarwa da halitta mai asirin 'yan sanda, wanda ya zama sananne a duk faɗin duniya. A da shi ya tafi ba dama kudade daga jama'a jaka.

Spy cibiyar sadarwa da kuma asirin 'yan sanda

Babu wani mutum guda a kasar ba su ji wani hadari. Mutane suka ji tsoro daga ko mafi kusa da mazansu - matan aure, da ubanninku - yara. denunciations da wadannan su, aka kama da kuma korar sun kowa. Sau da yawa wani mutum kawai ya kashe ba tare da fitina. Shugabannin bincike mutane su san a fuskar kuma a lõkacin da suke faruwa nemi mafaka. Sanya ido da aka gudanar da kuma mafi girman darajõji. Sultan san game da su cikakken kome da kome, ciki har da cin halaye. Ko da ya fi m ga Halifa mutum ba zai iya rayuwa a cikin zaman lafiya. Ciki da kotun camarilla rataye azzaluman yanayi na tsoro da tuhuma. Leƙen Asiri sun kasance a kowane kusurwa na kasar. Ta yi hijira daga kusan duk magoya bayan garambawul.

m katsalandan

Bugun an hõre mai tsanani katsalandan. Yawan wallafe ya rage da cika fuska. Kalmomi kamar su " 'yancin", "zaluncin", "daidaici" an dauke seditious. Su yi amfani da iya rasa ransa.

Dakatar littattafai su Voltaire, Byron, Tolstoy, kuma ko da Shakespeare, musamman da bala'i "alƙarya", domin shi ne kisan na sarki. Turkish marubuta ko da kokarin a cikin ayyukansu magance zamantakewa da siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi.

Jami'o'in hankali kula. Duk wani free-nipped a cikin toho. A tarihin Musulunci da kuma Ottoman daular maye gurbin gargajiya laccoci a tarihin duniya.

A taro na wargajewa Armenia

Sultan na Ottoman Empire gangan shuka sabani tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista yawan. Wannan siyasa ya m. Rashin jituwa da ke sa mutane rauni, kuma janye daga babban al'amurran da suka shafi. Babu daya a jihar bai iya ba a gwada tufafi rebuff ga Halifa. Ya tsokani ƙiyayya tsakanin mutane, ta amfani da na'ura na gudanar da bincike da kuma 'yan sanda. Sa'an nan sojan doki "Hamidiya Bazaar" da aka halitta da taimako na Kurdawa. Sultan 'yan baranda firgita a cikin jama'a. Musamman daga tsoro sha wahala da Armenia. Daga 1894 zuwa 1896 ya kashe game da 300 da dubu. Man.

Armenia a lokaci guda biya haraji ga Kurdawa da kuma haraji na daular. M, gaji da zaluncin da hukumomi, mutane sun yi kokarin su nuna rashin amincewarsu. A mayar da martani da aka sace kauyuka, warwatse tare da gawawwaki. Armenia ƙone da rai, mutilated da kuma kashe dukan kauyuka. Alal misali, a Erzurum kisan kiyashin dauki bangare kuma sojojin, da kuma sauki Turkish yawan jama'a. Kuma a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga daya daga cikin Ottoman soja, jawabi ga iyali, ya bayyana cewa babu wani daga cikin Turks da aka ba da suka ji rauni, da kuma wani Armenia bar rai.

Asalin da 'yan adawa

A tsakiyar tartsatsi tsõro, devastation da kuma talauci ya tsaya da Baturke sojojin. Yana sultan m canje-canje da aka yi. Sun kasance high-karshen soja horo da kuma samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi. Da gaske, Turkish sojoji sun zama mafi haskaka mutane a cikin daular. M madaidaci, ba su iya duba calmly a abin da ke sa su kasa ta umarci Abdul Hamid da 2nd yanayin. Kafin idanunsu samu ƙasƙanta, kuma fatattakakkun da daular, wanda ya ci sarauta arbitrariness da sata, da tarzoma, da kuma looting. wanda a zahiri yake mallakar Turai, domin ya dauke mafi kyau na lardin.

Babu komai nawa shake Sultan m tunani a zukatan sabon kawo dukkan, suka har yanzu aka haife da kuma ci gaba. Kuma a cikin 1889 akwai wani asiri kungiyar na Sun Turks, wanda alama farkon wata na jini juriya ga despotism Abdul-Hamid. A 1892, shi koya daga cikin Port. Daliban da aka kama, amma bayan 'yan watanni da Sultan warware su da kuma ko yarda ka ci gaba da karatunsa. Abdul-Hamid bai so zafi sama da yanayi a makarantu da kuma kofe ayyukansu a kan yaro escapade. A juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi ci gaba da yada.

Sun Turk juyin juya halin

Domin shekaru goma, a rundunar Sun Turk kungiyoyi. A cikin birane, leaflets, wasu 'yan takardu, jaridu, wanda sau da yawa kana abin zargi Sultan gwamnatin Syria da kuma ciyar da kifar. Anti-gwamnatin jin zuciya ta raunana matuƙa a lokacin da a 1905 akwai wani juyin juya halin da a Rasha, da sauri ya amsa a cikin zukãtan Turkish masana.

Halifa rasa sauran kuma ya ciyar da wani sleepless dare a cikin tsoron cewa jita-jita game da ita, musamman da bore na Rasha matuƙan a kan jirgin ruwa na soja "Potemkin", imbued a Istanbul. Ya ko da umurnin binciken a kan Turkish soja jiragen ruwa domin gano neman sauyi ruhu. Sultan Abdul Hamid II ji cewa mulkinsa ne zuwa ga ƙarshe. Kuma a cikin 1905, shi ne wani yunkurin zai kāsa.

Bayan shekaru biyu, a majalisa na Sun Turk kungiyoyi, kuma aka yanke shawarar zuwa depose da Sultan da kokari don mayar da kundin tsarin mulki. A gefen Sun Turks da Macedonia fadi a cikin yawan kanta sultan sojojin. Duk da haka, da kalifa aka hambarar. Ya tafi a kan asasshe, da kuma tsarin mulki ya sake shela Yuli 10, 1908.

Karshen wani zamanin "zulyuma"

Sultan na Ottoman Empire cika dukan bukatun na Sun Turks, amma a asirce suke saƙa wani kaidi da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Tarihi aka maimaita, kawai karshen ta ya daban-daban. Tare da dansa Burhaneddin suka tattara daga Metropolitan regiments mabiya, yayyafa zinariya dama da hagu. Afrilu dare a cikin 1909 da suka shirya tawaye. Sun Turks sojoji daga wannan rajimanti aka kama da yawa ne aka kashe. Army haura zuwa ginin majalisa da nema da cewa ministocin canza. Abdul-Hamid daga baya kokarin tabbatar da cewa ya ba da hannu a cikin fitina, amma ga wani wadãtar. Sun Turk "Army mataki" Istanbul kãmã su, kuma sun shagaltar da fadar Sarkin Musulmi. Kewaye da Zagin minions da iyali, yanke daga duniya, ya tilasta wa sallama. Afrilu 27, 1909 sultan aka kifar da kõre zuwa Salonika. Sabõda haka, shi yana sanya kawo karshen zaluncin da gwamnatin, wanda painstakingly halitta Abdul-Hamid. Wife tafi tare da shi. Amma ba duka, amma mafi aminci.

Family 99th kalifa

Family Life Abdul-Hamid ya hali na Ottoman Sultan. Halifa aure sau 13. Dukan zaɓaɓɓun a ya aka musamman a haɗe zuwa biyu: Myushfike da Sãlihu. An sani cewa sun bar hambararren sultan a cikin matsala da kuma ya tafi tare da shi bautar talala. Ba dukan mata a cikin Ottoman Sultan haka da kyau samo asali dangantaka. Tare da Safinaz Nurefzun ya sake tukuna a lokacin mulkinsa, da kuma tare da wasu daga cikin rabu Thessaloniki. Magada Halifa jiran unenviable rabo, bayan da ya hambarar da Abdul-Hamid. Yara na Sultan aka fitar a 1924 daga Turkey. Kansa wani tsohon Halifa koma zuwa Istanbul 'yan shekaru bayan hijira kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1918.