Duniya na farko kundin tsarin mulki: daga Sparta zuwa Amurka

Inda a can ne na farko da kundin tsarin mulki? Wannan tambaya zai yi kokarin amsa a wannan labarin. Amma da farko, za mu duba ma'anar.

A kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a cikin zamani ji

Duniya na farko kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a cikin zamani ji bayyana a cikin United States. A karkashin wannan ra'ayi yana nufin da manyan jiki na dokar cewa shirya tushe na gwamnati. Wannan ba kawai tarin doka ayyukan - shi ne mai da muhimman hakkokin doka akai a kan wanda komai da aka gina.

Prototypes da tsarin mulkin kasa a cikin tsufa

A mafi yawan sanannun mutane suka yi na aiwatar da farko gwaninta na shari'a hadin gwiwa tsakanin jihohi da kuma 'yan asalin - Solon (Athenian archon), Roman sarki Servius Tullius, da Spartan Lycurgus. Dukan su sun halitta mai sa na dokokin ta wanda al'umma ya rayu. Alal misali, a Sparta babban bege guzuri cewa karfafawa mutanen daga cikin mafi girma da iko, ya wuce a daga tsara zuwa tsara baki. Majalisar ya sadu a cikin kõgi, kuma yin yanke shawara cewa ya rigaya an shirya a gaba.

A dokar da San Marino

Duniya na farko kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da aka soma a Dwarf kasashen Turai na San Marino. Da doka ta asali soma a can a 1600, shi ne tushen ta gari shatan na XIV karni.

Ba'a kula da suba kundin tsarin mulki Filippa Orlika

Duniya na farko kundin tsarin mulki - wani daftarin aiki Filippa Orlika a 1710. Yana da aka hada a Bendery a kan ƙasa na Ottoman Empire. Yau ya ne a kan ƙasa da Pridnestrovian jamhuriyoyin (Moldova). Kundin Tsarin Mulki shi ne wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Hetman Filippom Orlikom da kuma 'yan dattawa. Duk da haka, ba ta da wani doka da karfi. Duniya na farko code na dokokin, wanda aka kuma ake kira da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma ya na da cikakken doka sakamako a cikin ƙasa na dukan kasar - da doka ta asali na Amurka.

Amurka na farko kundin tsarin mulkin kasar

Babban Amurka dokar shige Satumba 17, 1787 a Majalisar Philadelphia, shi ne mai kundin tsarin mulki a cikin zamani ji. Ya kunshi bakwai articles. Duk da haka, duk da gyara (ashirin da bakwai) suna dauke da wani ɓangare na shi. A tanadi ayyana ainihin tsarin siyasa, kafa rabuwar iko tsakanin majalissun (Congress), zartarwa (shugaban kasa) da kuma ma'aikatar shari'a (kotu, mafi girma wanda yake shi ne mai Tanƙwasa a).

Amurka na farko kundin tsarin mulkin ƙa'ida dauke da farko a duniya a cikin zamani doka ji na lokaci.

Tarihi na halitta

Ko a lokacin yakin na Independence, mun tattauna daban-daban ayyukan da doka ta asali. A 1777, na biyu Continental Congress soma da Articles na Confederation. Wannan daftarin aiki ma'anar da Amurka a matsayin tarayya, t. E. The kungiyar da dama m jihohin da m iko na gwamnatin tsakiya. Yana bai kasance duniya ta farko kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma an ci gaba daidai a kan tushen da Articles na Confederation.

A wani rauni da wannan daftarin aiki shi ne cewa a wani zaben, kowace jiha aka bai wa kujerar naƙi ikon, watau. E. iya toshe duk wani mataki na Confederation Congress. Irin wannan dokoki ba da damar yin muhimmanci yanke shawara a kan al'amurran da suka shafi key, a gaskiya, Congress ya ba mai yiwuwa.

A watan Satumba 1786 mambobi na 5 jihohin hadu a Annapolis canza Articles na Confederation. Duk da haka, wakilai daga wasu jihohin ko gaba daya watsi da taro, ko ba za a iya isa. Wakilai daga jihohi 5 kira ga majalisar kira a Philadelphia duk wakilan da nufin a duba sakin layi na labarin.

A farko kundin tsarin mulkin kasar a Turai

A 1772 Rasha, Prussia da kuma Austria ya yi amfani da wani rauni na Poland - dauki farko sashe na Commonwealth. A gaskiya ma, manyan Turai da yara cĩzo a kan babbar ƙasa ba tare da wani juriya.

A game barazana da halakar jihar tsananta ciki gwagwarmayar siyasa a Poland. jam'iyyun biyu suka yi jihãdi a cikin Diet: m (garambawul na magoya bayan) da kuma staroshlyahetskaya (Conservative).

Oktoba 6, 1788 Patriotic Party dauki kan. An canza daga talakawa Diet a tarayya. Wannan na nufi cewa yanzu yanke shawara a kan shi ya kamata a dauka da rinjaye kuri'a, kuma babu wanda yake da hakkin ya kujerar naƙi.

Patriotic Party nemi gaba daya ya gyara tsarin siyasa a Poland, amma ƙarfin abokan adawar su kasance mai girma. Sa'an nan gyãrãwa tafi zuwa ga abin zamba: sun dauki amfani da holidays da kuma 'yan adawa' yan majalisar dokokin ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki na May 3, 1791.

Mutane ta kundin tsarin mulki na Commonwealth a 1791, ko da yake ba soke 'yanci na nobility, amma amince ga commoners m mulkin demokra hakkin: sirri mutunci, dama zuwa kasa ikon mallakar, da dama daga wakilci a cikin Diet, da sauransu.

Tsarin mulki na May 3, 1791 yana dauke da farko a Turai.

A farko kundin tsarin mulki na RSFSR

A farko da muhimman hakkokin dokar da sabon Soviet jamhuriyar bayyana a 1818 da kuma kunshi shida sassan:

1. hakkokin ma'aikata da kuma maida su ba kome mutane.
2. Janar guzuri.
3. Organization na tsarin na sabuwar gwamnatin.
4. Wahala.
5. Budget Law.
6. A kan gashi na makamai da kuma tutar.

A farko kundin tsarin mulki na RSFSR ya tarin mutum vaults, kowanne daga abin da tsara iyãwarsa. A m iko shi ne All-Russian Congress of Soviets na Ma'aikata ', Sojoji ", manoma' kuma Cossacks 'wakilai. Tun tattara dukan wakilan ne da wuya sosai, tsakanin congresses ta ayyuka ake yi Rasha ta Tsakiya kwamitin zaben (Tsakiya kwamitin zartarwa). Ya sakataren da mambobin zabe a Congress.

Congress da Jamhuriyar kwamitin zartarwa da wani m umarni a kan gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin: tallafi na sabon jamhuriyoyin da RSFSR, da yanke shawarar janye daga kasar, dangantakar da kasashen waje wajen, ciki har da furucin da yaki da zaman lafiya, da gabatarwar sabon haraji, da sauransu.

Congress da Jamhuriyar kwamitin zartarwa - a majalisar dokoki tare da m iko, suna iya warware halin yanzu gajere matsala. Wadannan lokuta tsunduma a gwamnatin - da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars (SNK). SNK da dama don en dokoki, umarni, umarnin, abin da suke gudu cikin ƙasar da ake bukata.

A general, da RSFSR kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya hallaka tsohon tsarin mulki: don shigar da mulkin kama karya na proletariat, to bayyana hakkokin da ma'aikata da manoma yantar aiki, ilimi kyauta da kuma magani. A kasar ne ya halitta gurguzu tattalin arzikin.