American tattalin arziki Paul Samuelson: na asali ra'ayoyi, da tattalin arziki da kuma ka'idar biography

Paul Samuelson, da Nobel Prize wanda aka bayar a shekarar 1970, ba a banza dauke su wani tattalin arziki na dukan lokaci. A mahimmin juzu'in daga nasarori dokoki ne hujja daga cikin muhimman hakkokin theories da ka'idodinta kusan dukkan sassan na tattalin arzikin: ka'idar samar, harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya, kudi analysis, babban birnin kasar ka'idar da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da tarihi na tattalin arziki da tunani, macroeconomics. Mun bayar da ku zuwa samun Masana irin mashawarta malamai kamar yadda Paul Samuelson. Ideas, a takaice kwatanta da manyan nasarori za a gabatar a wannan labarin. Rubuce-rubucen malamai don karanta da kuma Sake karanta har yanzu.

Talifi na farko ya Samuelson

Tattalin arziki da ka'idar Paul Samuelson bayyana a cikin littattafai da articles. Talifi na farko ya na masanin kimiyyar rubuta a cikin shekaru shekaru 23, a 1938. Shi ke kira "Notes a kan m ka'idar mabukaci hali." A lokacin da halittar labarin Samuelson karatu a digiri na biyu makaranta. Ya nuna cewa da bukatar kwana, da aka sani analysis kayan aiki, za a iya samu daga fifiko, wanda aka "gano" godiya ga wannan bangare na saya ba, wanda akwai damar da za su tsayar da kasuwar, alhãli kuwa ba resorting to da rashin tunani masu lankwasa, ko da m mai amfani ka'idar .

babban labarin

A 1939, Samuelson ta labarin "hulda da multiplier da totur," an nuna cewa idan ka ƙara a samun kudin shiga tabbatar da dalilin ka'idar (Keynesian) model na totur zuba jari, samun sauki amma cikakken bayani na dalilin da ya sa tattalin arzikin yana da sannu fuskantar kasuwanci hawan keke. A shekarar 1948 ya buga wani labarin da "International cinikayya ... ', wanda ya gabatar da shaida cewa muhawara ta magoya bayan free cinikayya, a karkashin wani yanayi gushe da sakamako. Masana harkokin tattalin arziki a cikin hanyar gano yawa da suka wuce da cewa samar da wasu kayayyakin ta hanyar yin amfani da kasuwar inji shi ne m, a matsayin amfanin kawo ta su, samuwa ga kowa, don haka babu wanda yake sha'awar a biya a gare su. Duk da haka, kawai Samuelson a kasidarsa mai taken "Pure ka'idar da gwamnati ke kashewa" bayar a tsaurara kimiyya definition daga cikin halaye da kaddarorin wadannan kayayyakin jama'a.

Batun da shi ne

Samuelson kare a 1941 at Harvard University, wani m doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu. Duk da haka, aikin da aka ba da aka buga har 1947. Shi ne ake kira "Harsashen na tattalin arziki Analysis". Wannan shi ne wani mataki a gaba a cikin fahimtar da tattalin arziki da cewa za a iya fruitfully gano wani tattalin arziki hali. Domin wannan shi ne zama dole su kusanci ta shawara kamar yadda wani maximization matsalar, wanda aka warware ta wajen na game da bambanci ilimin lissafi. Samuelson tsara abin da ake kira rubutu manufa. A cewar shi, da ilimin kididdiga da bincike na equilibria ba zai iya ba da sakamako mai kyau, idan akwai wata shaida na daidai matakin da kwanciyar hankali. Last nufin inessential karkacewa daga ma'auni dabi'u na daban-daban canji ne kai-gyara. Wannan halitta ya fara yanzu ban sha'awa na masana kimiyya da tattalin arziki da kuzarin kawo cikas, kazalika da nazari na farashin, wanda ake lura a ba ma'auni yanayi.

Main littattafai Samuelson

Duk na sama ne sosai ban sha'awa, amma shi ke ba duk cimma American masanin kimiyya. A shekara ta 1948 littafi "tattalin arziki" da aka kafa (Paul Samuelson, William Nordhaus) ga wani gabatarwa matakin. Yana da aka sallama a cikin sabuwar dabara Samuelson "45-mataki Keynesian Cross", wanda ya ba da wani definition na kasa samun kudin shiga. Wannan sabuwar dabara ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaduwar wannan yankunan kamar yadda Keynesianism, a cikin shekaru bayan yakin duniya na II. A shekarar 1958, Samuelson Ya halitta a littafin mai suna "mikakke shirye-shirye da kuma tattalin arziki aiki." Yana da aka Co-rubuce tare da Robert Solow da kuma Robert Dorfman. Wannan littafin taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaduwar hanyoyin da ilmin lissafi ingantawa, ɓullo a lokacin yaki. A ci gaba da ilmin lissafi ingantawa faru a tare da Keynesian tattalin arziki. Wannan littafi ya ba kawai wani littafi tun da mawallafa gudanar ya hada a daya dayan ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, mikakke shirye-shirye da kuma ka'idar farashin, watau al'amurran da suka shafi magana da su a cikin kadaici.

Paul Samuelson: biography

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a Indiana (Gary City) a 1915. A cikin shekaru goma sha shida da ya shiga University of Chicago. Samuelson samu babban digiri daga Jami'ar Harvard, sa'ad da yake ba tukuna ashirin. Kuma a 26, ya riga ya likita na falsafa. Taƙaitaccen labari Samuelson lashe David A. Wells, bayar da Harvard University. Sai ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Massachusetts Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha. Bayan shekaru 6, Samuelson ya zama cikakken farfesa. A wannan institute, ya yi aiki duk da ransa, har ya yi ritaya, da aka gudanar a shekarar 1986.

Bayan samun Nobel Prize Samuelson ya yawa wallafe ci gaba da bayyana a buga. Su shãfe a kan da dama batutuwa, ciki har da mafi kyau duka tsarin na zamantakewa tsaro da kuma aiki ka'idar aiki kamar yadda kayyade a cikin aikin na Marxists. Tun da tsakiyar 1970s, kuma daga baya Samuelson ta labarin game da "equalization na factor farashin," sadaukar da harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya, sun nuna a fili cewa free cinikayya tsakanin kasashe daban-daban ya kamata taimaka wajen rage da bambance-bambance tsakanin kudin shiga daga babban birnin kasar da kuma na aiki a wadannan kasashe.

Game da sirri rai, Samuelson yana da 4 da 'ya'ya maza da' ya'ya mata 2 daga matarsa ta farko. Ya yi aure a karo na biyu a 1981. Duk da shekaru, da masanin kimiyyar bayan ya aure ci gaba koyarwa a Jami'ar Harvard, kazalika da shawartar Tarayya Reserve da kuma gwamnatin {asar Amirka.

Samuelson mutu Disamba 13, 2009 bayan wata gajeruwar rashin lafiya. Saboda haka, ya rayu zuwa 94 shekaru. Ya jama'a mutuwa na latsa sabis na Cibiyar Fasaha.

Kyaututtkan

Paul Samuelson ne mai karɓa na da yawa awards, kazalika da mai shi da wani yawan girmamawa sunayen sarauta. A shekarar 1947 ya aka bayar da Yahaya. B. Clark, wanda shi ne na farko a cikin wannan jerin. Wannan lambar yabon, an bayar da su matasa masana kimiyya (har zuwa shekaru 40) na kyaututukan da ya samu a fagen tattalin arziki. A 1953, ya zama shugaban kasa Samuelson na Econometric Society, sa'an nan, a shekarar 1961, da kuma American tattalin arziki Association. A lokacin daga 1965 po1968 shekara Paul Samuelson ma gangarawa kasa da kasa tattalin arziki Association. The masanin kimiyyar ya Albert Einstein lambar yabo a shekarar 1970. Sa'an nan, ya lashe kyautar Nobel. Samuelson ya ta taimako ga tattalin arzikin kasar.

Jihar aiki

Samuelson ya mai ba da shawara ga hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban, daga cikinsu -. A baitul, da Office ga soja masana'antu, Tarayyar Reserve, Ofishin Kasafin kudin, da dai sauransu Bugu da kari, ya kasance da wani mai bada shawara ga shugaban kasar Amurka John F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson rubuta wani rahoto na wucin gadi kungiyar, wanda aka jawabi ga shugaban kasa. Domin shekaru masu yawa wannan masanin kamar M. Friedman, ya akai gudummawa ga ambata Newsweek. A 5 m kundin da aka tattara ta ya zaba articles. Aiki da aka kira "Majalisar na kimiyya aiki" da kuma aka buga a 1966.

Literary style Samuelson

Lura cewa wallafe-wallafen style na masanin kimiyya ne halin da cizon irony da kuma girman kai domin kawai mutum. A lokaci guda yana da wani muhimmi hali to, ainihin magana da tunani ga kowa da kowa haife malamai. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin mafi salon tattalin arziki na duk lokaci (a cikin shekaru 45, da masanin kimiyyar halitta wani talakawan na daya labarin kowane wata), ya zama daya daga cikin mafi nasara mawallafa dangane da littafin da ayyukansu. A littafi, wanda Ya halitta Paul Anthony Samuelson ( "Tattalin Arziki"), ga misali, tsira ga fiye da biyu dozin wallafe. Ya aka canjawa wuri akalla 12 harsuna. Wannan aikin da aka sayar a cikin daban-daban jihohi a wani adadin na fiye da miliyan 4 kofe.

A gaske musamman taron unprecedented a cikin tarihin na tattalin arziki! Ko a kasar mu shi aka saki, ba shakka, m kyautatuwa da kuma akida cuts.

Me ya sa ake "tattalin arzikin" ya zama haka rare?

A tattalin arziki sun sha wahala domin shekaru masu yawa saboda rashin sadarwa tsakanin sabon macroeconomics (Keynesian) da kuma tsohon microeconomics (neoclassical). Duk da haka, Samuelson littafi ya halitta da'awar zuwa "neoclassical kira." Matsaloli tare da aikin yi, a cewar shi, ya bukatar sa baki a cikin neoclassical ka'idar Keynesianism. Amma da farko, za ka iya ba da baya da ragamar ikon bayan da cikakken aiki ne kai.

Wannan fitarwa ne key zuwa fahimtar m nasarar da littafin, wanda aka halitta da Paul Samuelson ( "Tattalin Arziki"). Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa fasali na shi (ta hanyar, mai girma samfurin na art na bugu, kazalika da farko littafi a kan tattalin arziki da ka'idar, sanya ta amfani da launin jadawalai) ne daya awo da nasara bugu gudanar ya kasance daidai da tattalin arziki da sha'awa daga cikin jama'a, canji na tsawon lokaci. Na yi ba tukuna da lokaci don nuna a fakaice karshen wani sabon Topical batun, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin nan da nan gaba edition na "tattalin arziki."

Asiri na da babban tasiri Samuelson

Paul Samuelson, sanannen "m" views (a cikin American ma'anarta), kokarin ci gaba da zinariya nufin a mafi muhimmanci al'amura, kamar burokrasi ko kasuwa, ko jama'a, ko masu zaman kansu, monetarism da Keynesianism. Ya taba tashi a cikin aikinsa zuwa matsananci akida matsayi. Saboda haka, Paul Samuelson ne mai kyau misali, tattali masanin kimiyya ne da bin manufofin cibiyar sauƙi. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin dalilan da babban sirri rinjayar da tattalin arziki.

Maqiyan kuma Raya Makon

A Samuelson ya ba mai yawa makiya. Kuma waɗanda aka kira ta da tattalin arziki da kuma ilimi equilibrists Paganini. Amma da yawa magoya wannan masanin kimiyya la'akari da shi da kafa na babban kwatance na tattalin arziki kimiyya a zamaninmu. Ba su jinkirta kiran "Samuelson zamanin" post-yaki lokaci a ci gaba da wannan kimiyya.