Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha Ivan 3: biography, a zamanin mulkin

Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha Ivan 3 da aka haife shi a wani zamanin cike da ban mamaki events dangantawa da incessant hare-hare na Tatars, kuma ta fiɗãci gwagwarmaya sarakuna cike da yaudara da kuma cin amana. A cikin tarihi na Rasha, ya shiga a matsayin haraji na Rasha asashe. Wannan yana bayyana tare da cikar rawar da ya taka a kafa na jihar, wanda ya dauki daga baya na shida na duniya.

tashe-tashen yara

A kan wani m hunturu rana, Janairu 22, 1440 kan Moscow na iyo da sauti na karrarawa - matar Grand Prince Vasily II Mariya Yaroslavna amince tsĩrar. Ubangiji ya aika da gwamnan, ɗan da magaji, ita wadda ake tashinta daga cikin tsarkakakkun baftisma, Ivan a cikin girmamawa St. Ioanna Zlatousta, wanda memory aka yi bikin a cikin wasu 'yan kwanaki.

Qawar mai farin ciki da kuma m yara, matasa grand prince zo ga ƙarshe lokacin da, a cikin 1445 Suzdal tawagar a karkashin mahaifinsa aka sarai ci Tatar hordes, da kuma sarkin da yake cikin thrall na Khan Ulu-Muhammed. Mazauna Moscow da ta wucin gadi gwamnan Dmitriy Yurevich Shemyaka aka jiran sananne mamayewa na villains a cikin birni, wanda babu makawa ya ba Yunƙurin tsoro da kuma yanke ƙauna.

Maƙarƙashiya makiya Duke

Amma wannan lokaci Ubangiji ya kange matsala, kuma wasu lokaci daga baya, Prince Vasili koma, amma ga Muscovites aka tilasta aika zuwa taro fansa yawa zuwa wani wuce kima Naira Miliyan Xari a gare su. Sabani da mazauna dauki amfani da sabon magoya bayan wani dandano na ikon Dmitriya Shemyaki kuma Ya sanya wani ƙulli a kan halal sarki.

Novgorod Chronicle gaya yadda a kan hanyar zuwa aikin hajji a cikin Triniti-Sergius Lavra Vasily III da aka yaudari kama, kuma Ya makantar da oda Shemyaka. Wannan ya sa a zaune bayan shi da sunan barkwanci "The Dark", wanda ya aka sani ga wannan rana. Don gaskata da ayyuka maƙarƙashiya fara jita-jita cewa Basil gangan kawo Tatars a Rasha da kuma bayar da su cikin wata rahama daga ƙarƙashin cikin birnin da kuma Ikklesiya.

tare da Prince of Tver Union

A nan gaba Grand Duke Ivan III da aninsa 'yan'uwa da fādawan da suke ya kasance da aminci ga ubansa, ya tsere daga usurper a Murom, amma nan da nan gudanar Trick tafarkin matasa grand yarima a Moscow, sa'an nan ya aiko don Uglich, inda languishing a kurkuku mahaifinsa. Yana da wuya a tabbatar da dalilin nan gaba ayyuka - ko ya ji tsoro na fushin Ubangiji, ko, mafi kusantar, yana a cikin anfanin ta, amma kawai bayan 'yan watanni Shemyaka saki makantar su ganima, kuma ko da ya ba shi a cikin mallaka na musamman Vologda.

Lissafi na cewa makanta da watanni ciyar a kurkuku, karya da fursuna ya bayyana a Shemyaka m kuskure cewa kudin shi daga baya rai. Da zarar free, Basil da ɗansa tafi zuwa ga Tver Prince Boris, da kuma alkawari da shi, nan da nan kuwa ya bayyana a Moscow a shugaban babban tawagar. usurper gwamnatin fadi, sai ya gudu zuwa Uglich. Domin mafi girma tsaro, shi ya sanya a shekaru shida alkawari da grand prince Ivan Boris ya Princess Maryam, wanda a wancan lokacin shi ne kawai shekaru hudu da haihuwa.

A farko soja yaƙin neman zaɓe

A cikin tsohon kwana yara girma ma farkon da shi ne, ba abin mamaki bane cewa a cikin shekara tara, magajin fara da za a kira su da Grand Duke, kuma a 1452, a nan gaba Tsar na All Rasha Ivan 3 shugabannin da sojojin aika mahaifinsa kama Ustyug sansanin soja Kokshengu, wanda ya nuna kanta da kyau-kafa Voivod.

Kamawa da kagara kuma washe gari, Ivan koma Moscow. A nan a gaban mafi girma da limaman, kuma a mahaɗar tsakãninsu da wani babban taron, ya, goma sha biyu ango aka lawfully aure to da amarya shekaru goma. A lokaci guda, da aminci mutane na Prince guba Uglich boye can Shemyaka fiye da sa ƙarshen ya pretensions to ikon da tsaya da na jini infighting.

A bakin kofa daga m mulki

A m shekaru, Ivan III ya zama co-regent tare da mahaifinsa da kuma Basil II a cikin wannan hanya kamar yadda ya ake da Grand Duke. kiyaye tsabar kudi na cewa zamanin da "ospodari All Rasha" rubutu zuwa yau. A wannan lokaci na mulkinsa ne sarkar na incessant soja kamfen a cikinsa, shiryar da wani gogaggen Voivod Fyodor labari, ya fahimci art na generalship, wanda basira za a yawa da ake bukata daga baya.

A 1460 Vasiliy Tomny mutu, ya yi wasiya a gabãnin mutuwarsa, bisa ga abin da sarautar Ivan III mika ga mafi daga cikin birane a kasar. Ba na manta da shi, kuma sauran 'ya'yansa, ba kowane appanage patrimonies. Bayan mutuwarsa, Ivan daidai da abin da mahaifinsa ta wajen ba kowane daga cikin 'yan'uwan duniya saboda shi, kuma ya zama sabon tafin kafa mulkin Moscow sarauta.

Da farko matakai

Jima suka embroiled a ciki siyasa jayayya da waje jayayya, da ashirin Ivan III, ya karbi bayan rasuwar tsohonsa, dukan iko ya kasance da-kafa mulkin. Bayan gada daga cikin manyan Basil II, amma talauci shirya Gudanarwa sarauta, ya jagoranci farko kwanaki sarautar wani m line a kan ta karfafa da kuma fadada su.

Don ya ɗauka cikakken ikon, John farko damu game da} arfafa harkokin matsayi na jihar. A saboda wannan dalili, ya tabbatar da baya kammala wata yarjejeniya tare da Tver da Belozersk sarauta, da kuma ƙarfafa tasiri a Ryazan, ajiye a zamanin da mutum da kuma wani fitaccen kuma shi nasa 'yar'uwarsu.

The fadada daga cikin iyakokin kasar

A farkon seventies, Ivan III fara babban dalilin da ransa - dangane da sauran Moscow Rasha mulkoki, na farko daga abin da yake da hurumin Yaroslavl Prince Alexander Fedorovich, wanda ya mutu a 1471. Zai gaje samu ta alheri, samu da daraja na boyar, zama amintaccen bawan na Moscow shugabanni.

Domin da Yaroslavl sarauta bi Dmitrov, kuma haƙĩƙa, sun shige karkashin iko na Grand Duke na Moscow. Ya aka zarar sãdar, kuma Rostov ƙasar, da hakimai zaɓi ya shiga cikin sahu na hidima nobility na da iko makwabcin.

A ci daga Novgorod da haihuwa na wani sabon suna

A wuri na musamman a cikin "taro na Rasha ƙasar", kamar yadda aiwatar zama da aka sani daga baya, daukan kama Moscow m har sai Novgorod, shi ne da bambanci da yawa da mulkoki, free cinikayya da aristocratic jihar. Novgorod Kama miƙa a kan wani isasshe tsawon lokaci, 1471 zuwa 1477, kuma a hada biyu soja yaƙin neman zaɓe, da farko na wanda ƙare tare da manyan indemnity biyan Novgorod, da kuma na biyu ya kai ga cikakken rashin 'yanci na wannan tsohon birnin.

Yana ãƙibar da Novgorod yin yawo ya zama alama a cikin tarihi, a lokacin da Ivan 3 zama Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha. Wannan ya faru jera kwatsam. Biyu na Novgorod, wanda ya zo Moscow a kan kasuwanci, lissafin kudi don wata takarda jawabi ga Grand Duke, sabanin wani lokaci kafin magani "Ubangiji", yi amfani da kalmar "sarki". Ko shi m ko mai haɗari zamewa na da alƙalami da flattery, amma duk, da kuma musamman a Prince, irin wannan magana da biyayya ji ya tuna. A wannan lokaci, da kuma yanke shawarar siffantãwa da tallafi na Ivan 3 suna Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha.

A mamayewa na Tatar khan Akhmad

A wani lokaci a lokacin da shugaban na Moscow sarauta ya Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha Ivan 3, da dama mafi muhimmanci taron na tarihi, ya sa an kawo karshen ikon da taro. An sani kamar yadda tsaye a kan Ugra. Yana da aka riga da jerin ciki rikice-rikice a cikin Tatar jihar, sakamakon wanda ya ta auka da wani gagarumin weakening. Shan amfani da wannan, Yahaya 3, na farko Tsar na All Rasha, ki biya haraji ga sa, har ma da ba da umarnin a kisa da nufin jakadu da shi.

Irin wannan audacity abar ƙyãma na kafin ba Yunƙurin zuwa Tatar khan Akhmad, wani na farko yarjejeniya tare da Lithuanian m Casimir, don fara yakin da Rasha. A lokacin rani na 1480 ya kasance tare da sojoji da yawa suka haye Oka suka sauka a kan bankunan na kogin Ugra. Ya digãdigansa saduwa Rasha sojojin, wadda aka gangarawa da kaina Ivan 3, da Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha. A takaice kwatanta m events, ya kamata a lura da cewa, ba su ƙara zuwa manyan sikelin-tashin, kuma aka iyakance kawai ga yawan abokan gaba kai hare-hare, ceto ta Russia.

Gamawa na Mongol-Tatar karkiya da weakening na Lithuania

Bayan tsaye a kan Ugra kafin farko na hunturu, ba tare da jiran da yi musu alkawari Casimir kula da taƙawa yarima ta retinue, aka jiran su a hayin, da Tatars aka tilasta koma baya. Biyã da Russia, suka tafi zurfi a cikin Lithuanian ƙasashe, wanda damƙar washe domin mayar da martani ga take hakkin su prince alkawura.

Yana da aka ba kawai na karshe manyan mamayewa na makiyaya zuwa Rasha cewa kammala a lokacin da Tatar-Mongol karkiya, amma kuma gagarumin weakening Duchy na Lithuania, ne kullum barazana da yammacin kan iyakoki na jihar. Tun wannan lokacin rikici da su ne musamman m, tun da shiga Ivan III Moscow princedom gwaji yankunan kunshe a musu da tsare-tsaren na Lithuanian shugabanni.

Policy wajen Crimean da Kazan Khanate

Clever da nisa-gani siyasa Ivan III, a lokacin wanda sarautar kasance a lokacin da gudana gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Rasha jihar, don kashe ta'adi Lithuania shiga wani kawance da Crimean Khanate, da ya balle a sakamakon da internecine gwagwarmaya da zarar mai girma Golden taro. Bisa ga fursunoni da Moscow yarjejeniyar, ta shugabanni sun sha fatattakakkun su hare-hare Russia maƙiya ƙasa, sa'an nan raunanar da su m abokan adawar.

Mafi sharri ne dangantakar da Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha da na Kazan Khanate. M Tatar hare-hare tilasta Russia don gudanar da dama martani, ya ci tura. Wannan matsala ta zauna ta kasa warwaruwa har zuwa karshen zamanin Ivan III kuma gaji da da magaji.

yi na Ivangorod

Hada hannu da Moscow sarauta na Novgorod ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani sabon matsalar - arewa maso yammacin maƙwabci Russia ya zama Livonia. A tarihin dangantakar da wannan kasa sanin matakai daban-daban, ciki har da gwada da m lokaci da aka bi hanyar amfani da makamai rikice-rikice. Daga cikin matakan dauka Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha Ivan 3 ga tsaron kan iyaka, mafi muhimmanci wuri ne shagaltar da ta yi a 1492 da sansanin soja Ivangorod a kan kogin Narva.

Kara fadada na Moscow sarauta

Bayan mamaye na Novgorod, idan Ivan 3 da aka mai suna da Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha, saidai haɗa su zuwa sabon ƙasashe da aka ƙwarai inganta. An fara daga 1481, da sarauta daga Moscow aka mika saboda hada da yankuna da na ga gwamnan Vologda Andrei kasa sa'an nan Vereisky Duke Mikhail Andreyevich.

A wasu wahala ya kasance da karkashi na Moscow, Tver sarauta, wanda ya ba da farko ya kawo karshen up a amfani da makamai rikici, ya ƙare a nasara ga Ivan. Ba a yi nasarar tsare 'yancin kai a matsayin Ryazan da Pskov ƙasar, Ubangiji wadda, bayan wani dogon amma m gwagwarmaya ta Moscow Prince Ivan III.

A biography wannan shahararren mai mulkin Rasha ƙasar da aka inextricably nasaba da canji ya gaji mun gwada da kananan rabo na sarauta a cikin wani iko jihar. An wannan jiha ya zama tushen duk Rasha ta nan gaba, a cikinsa ya shiga tarihin Ivan Mai girma. Sikelin da wannan canji da suka aikata m darajõji daga cikin mafi daraja Figures a Rasha tarihi.

Rayuwa tafiya ya kammala a watan Oktoba 27, 1505, kawai a takaice tsira da matarsa Sofyu Paleolog. Presentiment yadawa na daukar mutuwa, Ivan Veliky tashi daga al'amura. Recent watanni ya kishin ziyartar wurare masu tsarki. Toka "tãra na Rasha ƙasar" da hudu ƙarni binne shi a Mala'iku Cathedral, dake a cikin Moscow Kremlin, da ganuwar da aka gina a lokacin mulkinsa, kuma domin ƙarni zauna da wani abin tunawa ga zamanin, wanda shi ne mahaliccin Ivan 3. The title na Sarkin sarakuna na All Rasha bayan shi ya shiga a cikin wani m Appliances da kuma mallakar duk wanda ya samu damar tãka zuwa kursiyin.