Renaissance - shi ne ... Renaissance: al'ada, art

A Renaissance, wanda ya fara a Italiya a farkon kwata na XV karni, ya juyar da na da duniya, da canza ta har abada. Fassara daga Faransa, ko da Italian "Renaissance" - a "maya haifuwa", wanda ake dangantawa da Tarurrukan na art na zamanin d hadisai. Renaissance - mai girma nasara na bil'adama, akwai na iya zama babu shakka. A wancan lokaci, an halitta ayyukan al'ajibi na zanen, sassaka da kuma gine. Rubuta (kuma aka buga) mai girma littattafai. Halittun da mutum baiwa, halitta ta shahara Masters na baya, ci gaba da murna don haka yanzu da kuma taba rasa da fara'a.

ban tsoro tsakiyar zamanai

An dauke da wani sananne cewa Renaissance maye gurbin tsakiyar zamanai, wanda suke, kamar yadda ya saba, da duhu, ba shakka, mai tsanani, da kuma halin da iri-iri na addini da kisan-kiyashi - da Inquisition ji kome. Akwai kafofin cewa ce kawai cewa saboda insidious dabarunsa na cocin Katolika da kuma Renaissance da ke cikin ƙi.

A bangare, wannan ra'ayi na abubuwa yana da hakkin ya wanzu, amma da wuya isa yabo na limaman Kirista a cikin wannan tsari ne don haka mai girma. Kawai al'ummar dan Adam ta faro ne a hawan keke, domin kowane juyin juya hali, bi da wani dauki, da kuma Renaissance ya aka azabtar da istinbadi matakai, da fiye da haka a matsayin da dama na ideas sun dan hanya zuwa jãhilai, m da yawa annoba ga jama'a na wancan lokacin. Yana da wuya a shawo da mutum daga Allah a wajen ɗabi'arsa, ya matalauta, da dogara, kuma shi ne a cikin akai tsõro.

The Church a matsayin Bastion da wayewa

Wasu masana tarihi zargi tsakiyar zamanai dama a cikin da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama, ko da inda wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Alal misali, wasu kafofin yi da 'yanci da cewa a tsakiyar zamanai bai ci gaba da kimiyya. Duk da haka, da yawa zamani Turai jami'o'i sun bayyana a shafin ne na farko sufi (Oxford), ko kuma ta hanyar kokarin da limaman (Sorbonne).

Akwai wani batu a musun cewa, kusan dukan ilimi shi ne tsoho Church (da kuma ci gaba da zama haka saboda mutane da yawa fiye da shekarun da suka gabata). Wannan shi ne sauƙin bayyana: da mafi yawan na farko ilimi mutane mayar da hankali a cikin limaman, kuma idan haka - sai wanda shine ilmantar da "m abõkansu", amma sufaye da malamai?

A ci gaba da wayewa ci gaba. Bari bil'adama wani lokacin da ya dauki wani mataki da baya, amma al'ada na Renaissance ba za su taba sun faru a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da muka sani shi, idan shi ya ba ya wuce ta na ƙayayuwa hanya a cikin duhu na tsakiyar zamanai. Saboda haka, babban wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu ba za a haife shi, idan aka ba wadda ta gabãta daga wani ƙarni-tsohon aiki na da yawa Nuggets (wanda aikin da muke kira almara kawai saboda su sunayen kasance ba a sani ba). Idan akwai wani na da jarumi poetics, abu ne mai wuya da za a gudanar da "The Divine Comedy" Dante Aligeri, da kuma sonnets na Petrarch.

A tsaba ya kamata fada a kan m asa

Don hamayya baya zamanin bi - ba quite daidai. Voltaire da'awar cewa labarin - shi ne mai labari ga wanda duk sun amince da. Ba shi yiwuwa ba a gane da gaskiyar wannan witty jawabinsa. A tarihin na Renaissance, wani sabon abu hadaddun da multifaceted, ba za a iya fassara ainihin. Akwai da yawa versions bayanin wannan babban abu a cikin tarihin 'yan adam, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da hakkin ya wanzu.

Alama daga makaranta m cewa Renaissance artists ba zato ba tsammani gano tsoho al'adu da kuma tare suka fara yi koyi da ita, to za a gane a matsayin Schematic. Bayan duk, misalai na aikin ba zai tafi Greco-Roman art, gagarumin ayyuka na zamanin d marubuta fassara a na da Turai, fara daga Sabunta karni, amma babu Renaissance ba ta sãme wani takwas ƙarni.

Hakika, da fall na biyu Roma (Konstantinoful) a cikin 1453, lokacin da wani taro na firgita Musulmi artists (kuma ba kawai) suka garzaya zuwa West, shan tare da shi da library, gumaka, da kuma (mafi muhimmanci) su ilmi da kwarewa, ya taka babbar rawa. A karshen, rinjayar Byzantine art a cikin Renaissance lalle. Bari Roman Church ƙaryata gumaka, amma ta fito a cikin sauran filin. Icon na Uwar Allah, kuma sanannen "Sistine Madonna" by Michelangelo da duk da bambance-bambance - biyu a fasaha da kuma a cika - shi ne hoto na wannan mace da wannan jariri.

A mahaɗar tsakãninsu m yanayi

A Tarurrukan aka sanya yiwu godiya ga mahaɗar tsakãninsu da yawa abubuwan da dalilai, daya daga abin da gaske ne cewa Renaissance - wani irin martani na cocin Katolika, wanda tasiri a lokacin da aka babban arziki - m, da kuma sha'awar ikon - insatiable. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani iko da zamantakewa zanga-zanga: wanda da wuya a ji dadin matsananci akidarsu, da kuma wajabta a duk duniyoyin rayuwa na asceticism. Mutumin da kullum ji a kan wani Vishny (zama maƙiya a) karfi da zai iya a kowane lokaci fall a gare shi, azaba saboda zunubansu. Bukatun tsarki coci saba wa mutum halitta da kanta.

Na biyu factor, ba shakka, ne m samuwar jihar. Wadanda mutane ikon, samun mai jiwuwa matsayi da kuma babba albarkatun to kai talakawansa, ba okin ya yarda da dabino daga iko na ruhaniya. Misalai ana gwabzawa tsakanin coci da kuma iko wadanada - ba nadiri a tarihi. Daya daga cikinsu, da Renaissance gare ta mutuwa.

Dalili na uku shi ne mai yiwuwa gaskiya cewa Renaissance - a lokacin da al'adu rai da farin ciki da barin sufi, inda ta kulle up for shekaru da yawa, da kuma mayar da hankali a cikin hanzari girma da kuma ƙara arziki birane. Mai tsananin akidarsu danganci artists rubuta kawai haka kuma ba in ba haka ba, batun da gazawa da sauransu. D. Ba za a iya sa ni'ima a gaske talented mutane. Sun nemi for 'yanci, suka samu shi.

Huxu, wani muhimmin sharaɗi ne ga haihuwa da Renaissance, yana da kudi a matsayin cynical kamar yadda iya sauti. Yana da daidaituwa ba kamar yadda shi ne mai arziki a cikin waɗannan kwanaki Italiya m zuriyarsa bashi da cewa akwai wannan babban style. Renaissance aka haifa ba cikin talauci. A akidarsu cewa artist dole jin yunwa, shi ne ƙarancin cancantar. All Renaissance - hujja. Mahaliccin dole ne ma da - sabili da haka yana bukatar umarni, a kafofin watsa labarai da kuma sarari domin yin amfani da da basira.

albarka Florence

Duk wannan da aka samu a Florence, da kuma na karshe amma ba kalla godiya ga gwamnan birnin - Lorenzo da babba. A yadi aka blistatelen manya. A mafi talented painters, sculptors da kuma gine-ginen sun sãmu, a Lorenzo m ya zama majiɓinci. A birnin gina yawa manyan gidãje, majami'u, chapels da sauran gine-gine da ayyukansu. Painters samu da yawa umarni.

Kamar yadda wani janar mulki, shi ne zuwa kashi uku lokaci na Renaissance, amma wasu masu bincike sun hada da wani - abin da ake kira Protorenessans har yanzu hankali hade da tsakiyar zamanai, amma yana daukan kan sabon, cike da haske fasali. Daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri events na lokaci ne da shiri na Florence Cathedral (XIII karni) - babban wuraren da m ciki.

farkon Renaissance

Bayan da "pre-jiyya" a kan mataki da Early Renaissance: da shekaru na farko da kuma ƙarshen lokaci masana tarihi kira kyawawan sunyi baki daya - daga 1420 zuwa 1500. shekara tamanin da shi ya dauki don rabu da m canons shibtarsu da coci, da kuma al'adunmu na daraja da kakanninsu. A wannan lokacin, da kwaikwayo na zamanin d model zama m. Images of tsirara jikin mutum da mai auna tunani na karami tsokoki da kuma jijiyoyinmu halin da sabon, ba a sani ba zuwa Katolika Turai style. Renaissance zama real waƙar yabon Allah to da kyau na duniya, wanda ake wani lokacin sung a cikin irin overt siffofin, wanda zai ba da tsoro da masu sauraro abin da wasu ɗari da hamsin da suka wuce.

Ba za mu iya ce cewa wadannan trends sun samu fahimtar juna a tsakanin dukkan Sahaban sun mabiyin mayakan da Renaissance, wanda ta hanyar da ayyukan a fagen obscurantism kai dubious madawwamiyar ɗaukakarsa. A Firayim misali ne shugaban da Florentine Dominican sufi - Savonarola. Ya kasance mai perennial sukar humanist "m hali" da kuma ba su yi shakka ƙone da samfurin, don haka shi perturbed. Daga cikin irretrievable asarar - dama zane-zane na shahara Masters na zamanin, ciki har da Sandro Botticelli. Hannuwansa ya kamãta da irin wannan shahara zane-zane na Renaissance, a matsayin "Haihuwa na Venus", "Spring", "Almasihu lashe tare da Ƙayayuwa." Dole ne in ce wadda kusan dukkanin tsira zane-zane na marubucin kishin Littafi Mai Tsarki jigogi, da kuma na zamani mutumin da wuya a fahimci cewa za su iya ta da Dominican mai tsanani.

Duk da haka, da tsari da aka fara, kuma shi ne jiki yiwu ga dakatar da shi. Savonarola mutu a 1498, da kuma Tarurrukan ci gaba da tafiya a cikin ƙasa, mamaya sabon birni - Roma, Venice, Milan, Naples.

Daga cikin mafi mashahuri da kuma halayyar wakilan da farkon Renaissance sculptor Donatello kira, painters Giotto da Masaccio. A wannan lokacin, a cikin zanen da aka farko amfani da dokoki na hangen zaman gaba, bude a cikin XV karni. Wannan yarda baya don ƙirƙirar uku-girma, uku-girma hoto na Renaissance - wannan da yake a baya ba samuwa ga artists.

The gine na vector na kara ci gaba da shirya kai da Filippo Brunelleschi, samar da wani m Dome na Santa Maria del Fiore.

high Renaissance

A ganiya na zamanin na uku lokacin da Renaissance - High Renaissance. Yana dade kawai shekaru 27 (1500-1527) da kuma ake dangantawa da farko tare da aiki mai girma Masters, waɗanda sunayensu suke saba wa kowane daya daga cikin mu: Leonardo Vinci, Michelangelo kuma Raphael.

A wannan lokaci, da al'adu babban birnin kasar na Turai koma daga Florence zuwa Roma. A sabon Paparoma Julius II (hau gadon sarautar, a 1503) an kwarai mutum, mai girma sha'awar art da mai shi ne quite bude shiryayye. Idan ba domin ni'imar da ta ruhaniya mutum, mutane ba za su yi gani da yawa ayyukan art wanda aka dauke da lu'u-lu'u na duniya al'adu.

A mafi kyau Masters, qazanta da alamar baiwa, sami yawa umarni. City tafasar tare da yi. Gine-ginen, sculptors da painters aiki gefe da gefe (da kuma wani lokacin "aligning matsayin"), samar da nasu m ayyukansu. A wannan lokaci, shi tsara da kuma fara gina St. Bitrus Basilica - mafi shahara da kuma grandiose haikali na Katolika bangaskiya.

A zanen na Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo sanya hannunsa, embodies da dukan ma'anar, alheri da kuma kyakkyawa, wanda ya bar mana Renaissance artists, da suka zaba da cibiyar da sararin samaniya, mutumin (a, da babban birnin kasar haruffa): godlike kasancewarsa, wani mai halitta, wanda damar ne kusan marasa iyaka.

Duk abin ya zo ga ƙarshe

A 1523 Paparoma ya zama Clement VII, kuma nan da nan ya samu da hannu a wani yaki tare da Sarkin sarakuna Carlos V, da samar da wani da ake kira Coniacian league, wanda hada da Italiyanci birnin-jihohin na Florence, Milan, Venice da kuma Faransa. Pontiff ba ya so ya raba ikon da Habsburgs kuma ya biya shi, a ce madawwamin City. A 1527 Charles V sojojin, dogon lokaci bai sami albashi (Sarkin sarakuna overspend a lokacin yaki), da farko kewaye sa'an nan kutsa kuma ya kori Roma a cikin manyan gidãje kuma haikalin. Babban birni depopulated, da High Renaissance zo ga ƙarshe.

Encyclopedia Britannica ya furta cewa, a matsayin cikakken tarihi epoch na Renaissance, a karni na (1420-1527) wanda ya yi mulki a cikin wurin nan mai albarka Italiya, ya ƙare. Waɗanda ba su yarda da anda suka fi shahara directory a duniya, da ake kira zamani, wanda ya fara bayan 1530, marigayi Renaissance, kuma har yanzu ba zai iya zo wata yarjejeniya, da kuma lõkacin da ta ƙare. Akwai muhawara a cikin ni'imar da 1590s kuma 1620s, kuma ko da 1630s, amma da wuya wasu saura effects iya zama alamun wani zamanin.

Epoch degeneration

A wannan lokacin, al'adu events ne sosai bambancin, akwai trends wanda aka dauke su manifestations daga cikin rikicin da degeneration a cikin art (kamar Florentine Mannerism). An halin a wasu pretentiousness, wuce kima, daki-daki, a kan mayar da hankali "da ra'ayin artist", samuwa ne kawai don wani kunkuntar da'irar connoisseurs. Sassaka, gine da kuma zanen da Renaissance da suka rayu a wani m search for jituwa ba hanya zuwa m postures, m whorls da kuma wasu batattun sifofi launuka muhimmi a cikin sabon halin da al'adu na duniya.

Duk da haka, yayin da magana game da karshe halakar da Renaissance farkon. A wasu Italian biranen su ne har yanzu suke zaune artists na Renaissance, wanda kasance da aminci ga mai girma hadisai. Saboda haka, babban Titian, wanda za a iya daukarsa a matsayin haske wakilin Renaissance, aiki a Venice har 1576.

A halin yanzu, Italiya da kuma Turai zo a kan m sau. Sakamakon iya tsammani a tsakiyar zamanai yanci da cewa kawo tare da shi cikin zamanin da Renaissance, zo mai tsanani dauki. Reform Mai Tsarki Office sake dauki da ragamar a hannunsu. A kan yankunan da kone gobara - Wuta kuma ta cinye da Litattafansu, da kuma ayyukansu.

Yana da aka hallaka kusan dukan littattafan sanya sabon Paparoma Paul IV a cikin Roman "Index of haramta littattafai" (kafin m lists aka buga a cikin Netherlands, Paris da kuma Venice). Aikace-aikace na inquisitors sun tsanani, domin shi ne a cikin Renaissance zo da bugu latsa - a karshen cikin XV karni Gutenberg gudanar ya halicci na farko buga Littafi Mai Tsarki. Karkata, Shelar warwatse tausaya wajama'a na Renaissance, ba shakka, ba miliyoyin, amma mai tsarki ubanninsu wani abu da ya yi.

Malaman tarihi sun rubuta cewa addini zalunci a Italiya su ne mafi m a Turai - wani m azaba ga wani shekaru na 'yanci da kuma kyakkyawa.

Northern Renaissance - daya daga cikin mamaki da Renaissance

Mafi sau da yawa, a lokacin da muka yi magana da Renaissance, da tuna da Italian Renaissance - wani sabon abu da aka haife kuma kai heyday a nan. Yau, a Italiya, sai dukan garin za a iya gani a matsayin Monuments na gine-gine, zanen da sassaka na zamanin.

Amma, ba shakka, daga cikin Apennines na Renaissance zamanin ya ba iyaka. Da ake kira Arewa Renaissance samo asali a Turai, kusa da tsakiyar XVI karni da ya ba da duniya ayyukan al'ajibi masu yawa. A halayyar alama ce ta wannan salon da aka mafi tasiri daga cikin na da Gothic art. Ga zamanin d al'adunmu da aka bai wa kasa da hankali, duka biyu a Italiya da kuma zuwa ga tausasãwa na Anatomy nuna mafi rashin tunani. By halitta na zamanin na Arewa Renaissance ne Dürer, Van Eyck, Cranach. A adabi, wannan taron da aka alama ta wurin ayyukan Shakespeare da kuma Cervantes.

Rinjayar da Renaissance a kan al'ada ba za a iya overstated: shi ne babbar. Reinterpreting da enriching tsoho al'adu, da Renaissance halitta ya - kuma ya bawa bil'adama babbar adadin da m ayyukan art cewa, lalle zã inganta duniya da muke rayuwa a.