Ekaterina 2: biography na Empress. History of Rasha

Rigima mutum 2 da aka Catherine Great - Rasha Empress na Jamus asalin. Mafi articles da kuma fina-finai, ta aka nuna a matsayin lover of alatu kotu da bukukuwa da toilets, kazalika da yawa favorites, tare da abin da ya sau daya ne a kusa da dangantaka.

Abin baƙin ciki, mutane kadan san cewa, ta kasance haziqai, mai haske kuma talented Oganeza. Kuma shi ne wani undeniable gaskiya, kamar yadda na siyasa canje-canje da cewa ya faru a cikin shekaru na ta sarautarsa, mallakar haskaka absolutism. Bugu da kari, da yawa tattalin arzikin, zamantakewa da siyasa rayuwa a kasar, suke kara hujja na eccentricity na ta hali.

asalin

Ekaterina 2, biography wanda ya haka mamaki da kuma sabon abu, an haife ni a 2 May (21 Afrilu) 1729 a Stettin, Jamus. Ta cikakken suna - Sophia Augusta Frederica, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. Iyayenta suka Prince Kirista Agusta na Anhalt-Zerbst da kuma daidaita shi da suna na Johann Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp, wanda yake a cikin wani dangantaka da sarauta gidaje kamar Turanci, Yaren mutanen Sweden da kuma Prussian.

A nan gaba Empress na Rasha, samu gida ilimi. Yana sanar da tauhidin, music, dance, da kayan yau da kullum na labarin kasa da tarihi, kazalika da, ban da ƙasarsa ta Jamus, ta san sarai, da kuma Faransa. Tuni a farkon yara ta nuna ta m hali, juriya da kuma son sani, fĩfĩta mu rayu da kuma waje da wasannin.

aure

A 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna gayyace gimbiya na Anhalt-Zerbst, tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa zo Rasha. Ga Woman christened a cikin Orthodox hadisin da zama da aka sani Ekaterinoy Alekseevnoy. Daga wannan lokacin ta samu da hukuma matsayi na amarya Yarima Peter Fedorovich, nan gaba Sarkin sarakuna Bitrus 3.

Saboda haka m labarin da Catherine 2 a Rasha ya fara tare da su bikin aure, wanda aka gudanar a kan Agusta 21, 1745. Bayan wannan taron, ta lashe title of Grand Duchess. Kamar yadda aka sanannu, ta da aure ne m daga farkon. Mijinta Bitrus yana a lokacin har yanzu wani m saurayi wanda ya taka leda tare da sojoji, maimakon jawabin da su lokacin da a cikin al'umma da matarsa. Saboda haka, a nan gaba Empress aka tilasta don nishadantar da kanta: ta karanta wani dogon lokaci, kazalika ƙirƙira iri-iri fun.

Catherine 2 yara

Duk da yake matar Bitrus 3 da bayyanar nagari Ladies, kansa magaji a kan karaga ya taba boye, don haka ya romantic sha'awa san kusan dukan yadi.

Bayan shekaru biyar, Catherine 2, wanda biography da aka sani, kuma yana cike da soyayya da labaru, fara farko da al'amarinsu. Ta zabi shi jami'in matsara SV Saltykov. Satumba 20, bayan 9 shekaru na aure, ta haifi wani mataimaki. Wannan taron ya zama batu na kotu tattaunawa, wanda, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da wannan rana, amma a tsarar masana kimiyya. Wasu masu bincike yi imani idan yaron ta uba ya zahiri Catherine ta lover, kuma ba mijinta, Bitrus. Wasu na da'awa cewa ya aka haife daga mijinta. Amma zama da cewa kamar yadda shi may, uwar ba ta da lokacin da za a magance tare da yaro, don haka ya horo dauki kan Elizaveta Petrovna kanta. Ba da da ewa, nan gaba empress sake zama ciki kuma ta haifi wata yarinya mai suna Anna. Abin takaici, wannan yaro ya zauna kawai 4 watanni.

Bayan 1750 Catherine hade da shaidu na soyayya S. Poniatowski, wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Yaren mutanen Poland, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarki Stanislaw Augustus. A farkon 1760 ta kasance tare da G. G. Orlovym, wanda ta haifi wani yaro na uku - dansa Alexis. Yaron da aka bai wa sunan Bobrinsky.

Dole ne in ce cewa saboda da yawa jita-jita, da kuma tsegumi, kazalika da waɗansu irin hali na maza, yara da Catherine 2 bai haifar da wani dumi ji daga Peter 3. The mutumin ne a fili shakkar nazarin halittu ubanci.

Bukatarsa ce cewa nan gaba Empress tantama ƙaryata dukan zargin baje da ta mata. Sun gudu daga hare-haren Bitrus 3, Catherine mafi yawan lokaci fĩfĩta ku dõmin ku ciyar ta boudoir. Spoiled zuwa kashi tare da mijinta ya kai ga cewa ta tsanani ya fara jin tsõron ransa. Ta ya ji tsoron cewa, da ya zo da iko, Bitrus 3 bi mata hakkinta, don haka sai ta fara kama wani m sãshensu waliyyai a cikin kotu.

Accession a kan karaga

Bayan mutuwar Bitrus 3 jihar daga cikin dokoki na uwarsa ne kawai domin 6 watanni. Na dogon lokaci magana game da shi kamar yadda jahilai da kuma m shiryayye m da mahara malformations. Amma wanda ya sanya shi irin wannan hoton? A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana tarihi sun fi karkata zuwa ga imani da cewa irin wannan unsightly Hoton da aka halitta da memoirs rubuta ta shirya na da juyin mulki - Catherine 2 da kuma E. R. Dashkovoy.

Gaskiyar cewa mijin ta hali ga mata ba kawai bad, shi ne a fili maƙiya. Saboda haka, da barazanar shi mai fuskantar wata mahada ko kama jawo mãkircin da Bitrus 3. Tsara wani tawaye taimaka mata Orlov 'yan'uwa, K. Razumovsky, N. I. Panin, E. Dashkova da sauransu. Yuli 9, 1762 3 Peter aka kifar da kuma kawo iko wani sabon empress - Catherine 2. hambararren monarch kusan nan da nan dauka zuwa Ropsha (30 mil daga St. Petersburg). Ya aka tare da mai tsaro masu gadi a karkashin umurnin Alekseya Orlova.

Kamar yadda ka sani, labarin Catherine 2, da kuma musamman, shi ya shirya wani fada juyin mulki, cike da riddles, wanda hankali da zukatan mafi masu bincike a wannan rana. Alal misali, har yanzu ainihin dalilin mutuwar ba kafa Bitrus 3 at 8 kwanaki bayan juyin mulki. Bisa ga hukuma version, ya mutu daga dukan bunch cututtuka sa ta shafe tsawon barasa amfani.

Har kwanan nan an yi imani da cewa Bitrus 3 mutu a tashin hankali mutuwa a hannun Alekseya Orlova. Hujja da wannan shi ne irin wata wasika da aka rubuta ta hanyar da kisa da kuma aika zuwa Catherine na Ropsha. The asali na wannan daftarin aiki ba a kiyaye su, amma da aka sani kawai kwafin na zargin yin fim FV Rostopchin. Saboda haka, kai tsaye shaida daga cikin sarki ta kisan duk da haka.

kasashen waje da manufofin

Dole ne in ce, Catherine da Great 2 hannun jari da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyi na Bitrus 1 a kan gaskiyar cewa Rasha a duniya fagen fama tafii da manyan mukamai a duk yankuna, manyan a lokaci guda m, kuma ko da wasu har m da manufofin. Hujja da wannan zai iya zama a matsayin hutu alkawari na ƙawance da Prussia, kammala a baya da mijinta Peter 3. Ta yi hukunci tafi kusan nan da nan, da zarar na zo a kan karaga.

Harkokin waje Politika Ekateriny 2 da aka dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa ta ko da yaushe kokarin gina a kan gadon sarautar henchmen. Shi ne da godiya ga ta Duke E. I. Biron koma zuwa kursiyin Courland, da kuma a 1763 a Poland ya fara sarauta ta protege - Stanislaw Agusta Poniatowski. Irin ayyuka sun kai ga cewa Austria fara ji tsõron wani ɓarna, karfi da tasiri a arewacin jihar. Its mambobi nan da nan suka fara zuga dogon-tsaye maƙiyi Rasha - Turkey - to tafi su yi yaƙi da shi. Kuma Austria har yanzu sanya kansa.

Za mu iya cewa Rasha-Turkish yaki, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru 6 (daga 1768 zuwa 1774), ya kasance nasara ga Rasha Empire. Duk da wannan, yanzu shi ne ba da mafi kyaun hanyar siyasa halin da ake ciki a kasar ya tilasta Catherine 2 domin neman zaman lafiya. A sakamakon haka, ta yi don mayar da tsohon ƙawance da Austria. Kuma wani jayayya a tsakanin kasashen biyu da aka yi. Ya azabtar da aka Poland, wani ɓangare na ƙasar wanda a 1772 da aka raba tsakanin kasashen uku: Rasha, Austria da kuma Prussia.

Shiga ƙasar da sabon Rasha rukunan

Da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da Kuchuk-Kainarji da Turkey bayar m zuwa Rasha jihar yancin kai na Crimea. A m shekaru, akwai wata karuwa da na sarki tasiri, ba kawai a kan yankin, amma kuma a cikin Caucasus. Wannan siyasa sa a hada da Rasha, a watan Julin 1782, Crimea. Ba da da ewa ya aka sanya hannu, a yarjejeniyar da Georgievsk da Kartli-Kakheti tsar Irakli 2, wanda hannu gano da sojojin Rasha a kan Jojiyanci ƙasa. Daga bisani, waɗannan ƙasashe ma an shiga zuwa Rasha.

Ekaterina 2, biography wanda aka inherently da alaka da tarihi na kasar, na biyu da rabi daga cikin 70s na 18th karni, tare da sai gwamnatin ta fara samar da wani sabon gaba ɗaya kasashen waje da manufofin matsayin - abin da ake kira Greek aikin. A matuƙar manufa ya zuwa mayar da Greek ko Byzantine. Its babban birnin kasar ya zama Konstantinoful da kuma ta m - jikan Catherine 2, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

By ƙarshen 70s waje Politika Ekateriny 2 mayar da kasar da tsohon duniya girma, wanda kara karfafa bayan Rasha sanya wani tsakiya a cikin Teschen Congress tsakanin Prussia da kuma Austria. A 1787, da Empress tare da Yaren mutanen Poland sarki da Austria monarch, tare da majalisarsa da kuma kasashen waje jami'an diplomasiya, sanya doguwar tafiya zuwa Crimean sashin. Wannan shi ne babban taron ya nuna soja ikon da Rasha Empire.

m siyasa

Mafi yawa daga cikin gyare-gyare da canje-canje da suka faru a Rasha, sun kasance a matsayin sabanin yadda Catherine kanta 2. A shekara ta sarautar alama iyakar bautar da peasantry, kazalika da rashi na har ma da mafi kadan hakkin. Wannan lokacin ya bayyana wani umurnin banning da kuka ga arbitrariness na gidan haya. Bugu da kari, a cikin babban jami'an daga jihar na'ura da kuma cin hanci da rashawa ta wadãta, kuma suka yi aiki a matsayin abin koyi ga Empress, wanda kariminci a matsayin iyali, kuma da sojoji da yawa daga magoya bayansu.

Abin da shi ya

Mutuntakar Catherine 2 da aka bayyana da ita a cikin nasu memoirs. Bugu da kari, masana tarihi da bincike dangane da yawa takardun, cewa shi ne mai dabara psychologist, mai kyau hukunci na hali. Hujja da wannan shi ne cewa ta zabi ta zama mataimakansa kawai talented da haske mutane. Saboda haka, yana da wani epoch alama ta fitowan da dukan Gungu na m generals da statesmen, kasida da marubuta, artists kuma masu kida.

A wajen mu'amala da ƙasa da, Catherine 2 ya yawanci m, kange kuma haƙuri. A cewar ta, ta ko da yaushe ya yi saurãre a hankali wa abõkinsa, alhali kuwa kamawa kowane m tunani, sa'an nan kuma amfani da shi don kyau. Lokacin da shi a zahiri ba faru wani m murabus, shi ne daya daga cikin manya ba miƙa, balle hukuncin kisa. Ba abin mamaki shi ne ake kira da mulkin "zinariya shekaru" na ci gaba da Rasha nobility.

Ekaterina 2, biography kuma mutuntakarsa da yake cike da saba wa juna, duk da haka, ya quite m da sosai cinkin lashe iko. Domin ya kiyaye ta a hannunsa, ta kasance a shirye don yin sulhu akai ko a kudi na nasu yarda dasu.

Personal rai

Hotuna da Empress, rubuta a cikin shekaru na matancinta, ya ce cewa ta na da wani kyakkyawa mai kyau-neman. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa labarin ya hada yawa soyayya Catherine fun 2. Don gaya gaskiya, shi zai iya sosai sake yin wani ba, amma a cikin wannan hali da muƙamin, wuri, da kuma mafi muhimmanci, cikakken iko, za a jeopardized.

Bisa ga sanannen imani da mafi yawan masana tarihi, a cikin rayuwarsa Ekaterina Velikaya canza game da ashirin masoya. Sau da yawa sosai, ta ba su fi daban-daban m kyauta, da kariminci bada fitar da yiwa lakabi, da kuma duk wannan domin ya zama taimaka da ita.

Sakamako na Board

Dole ne in ce cewa masana tarihi ba su ɗauke tantance fili duk abubuwan da Catherine ta zamanin, tun lokacin da despotism da kuma ilimi da aka tafiya hannu da hannu da kuma aka inextricably nasaba. A lokacin da ta yi mulki da shi ne duk: da ci gaban ilimi, al'adu da kuma kimiyya, da gagarumin tabbatarwa daga cikin Rasha jihar a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama, ci gaban cinikayya da diplomasiyya. Amma, kamar yadda da wani m, aka ba ba tare da ta zalunci na mutane, wanda ya sha wahala mahara deprivations. Wannan ciki siyasa ba zai iya haifar da wani m tashin, wadda wuni a wani iko da kuma cikakken sikelin tawaye karkashin jagorancin Emelyana Pugacheva.

ƙarshe

A 1860 akwai wani ra'ayin: to kafa wani abin tunawa ga Catherine 2 a St. Petersburg a cikin girmamawa ta 100-shekara zo a kan karaga. Its yi dade shekaru 11, da kuma bude a 1873 a Alexandria yankin. Shi ne mafi shahara abin tunawa daga cikin empress. A lokacin da shekaru na Soviet ikon da aka rasa 5 na ta Monuments. Bayan shekarar 2000, mun bude dama shafukan biyu a Rasha da kuma kasashen waje: 2 - a Ukraine da kuma 1 - a Transnistria. Bugu da kari, a cikin 2010, a Zerbst (Jamus) akwai wani mutum-mutumi, amma ba Empress Catherine 2, da kuma Sofii Frederike Augusta, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst.