Rasha sarauta: gwagwarmaya da kuma ƙungiyar

A XII-XV karni a cikin tsawon mulkin gargajiya fragmentation a Rus wanzu jihar tsarin - tsoho mulkoki. A X karni akwai da yi, wanda ya zama na kullum a cikin wadannan karni, - rarraba ƙasar ta hanyar babban Rasha shugabanninmu, da 'ya'yansa maza da dangi, da XII karni da ya kai ga mai rumfa Lalacewar Old Rasha jihar.

dalĩli

Da ciwon a da kwamitin ƙasa da ikon, wannan irin da kambun da ikon nan da nan ya fara tsẽre ga tattalin arziki da siyasa 'yancin kai daga cibiyar, kuma wannan hampered da ci gaban da Rasha mulkoki. A duk yankuna na hakiman irin Rurik (sai dai Novgorod, wanda tuni ya wakilci wani tsarin da ɗan kama da jamhuriyar) zai zama sarki shugabanninmu waɗanda suka dogara ga administrative na'ura, kunsha na wani serviceman aji, da kuma samu ɓangare na Saide daga subordinated yankuna. Feudatories (manya) da manyan jami'an na limaman sun Boyar Duma - consulting da kuma shawarwari jiki. Prince shi ne babban mai na ƙasar, wasu daga wanda yake na shi da kaina, da saura ya zubar da matsayin yankin m, kuma suka rarrabu tsakanin demesne dũkiyarku na coci, rike da matukar boyars da barorin.

Rasha ikoki a cikin tsawon fragmentation

A wannan zamanin fragmentation a Rasha zamantakewa da siyasa tsarin dogara ne a kan wani tsarin na mulkin gargajiya tsani. Har da XII karni Kievan Rus da Rasha mulkoki batun wasu hierarchies na iko. Grand Prince of Kiev gangarawa da mulkin gargajiya matsayi, to, wannan matsayi da aka samu da kuma Galicia-Volyn Vladimir-Suzdal sarakuna. Jamhuriyar matsayi shagaltar da shugabanni daga cikin manyan mulkoki kamar yadda Chernigov, Polotsk, Vladimir-Volyn, Rostov-Suzdal, Turov-Pinsk, Smolensk, Murom-Ryazan, Bagalike. A mafi ƙasƙanci matakin kasance manya da su vassals (hidima mai yawan mara tsada).

By tsakiyar XI karni, da aiwatar da lalata manyan mulkoki, kuma da mafi cigaban aikin noma, mulkoki - Kyiv da kuma Chernihiv yankuna. Tun karshen farkon na XII ga XIII karni, wannan Trend ya jũya a cikin duniya na sabon abu. Fairly m fragmentation ya a Kiev, Chernigov, Murom-Ryazan, Turov-Pinsk mulkoki. A wani ƙasa da zafin mataki shi damu da Smolensk sarauta, amma a Rostov-Suzdal da Galicia-Volyn sarauta wadannan lokuta, kawar da lokaci zuwa lokaci alternated da wucin gadi ƙungiyoyi ƙarƙashin ikon da "mazan" m. Duk wannan lokaci Novgorod ƙasar da aka sami damar kula da harkokin siyasa mutunci.

makiya

A cikin sau na mulkin gargajiya fragmentation suka fara wasa a babbar rawar dukkan-Russian da kuma na yankin ya'yan sarakuna ba congresses. Sun tattauna da ciki da kuma na waje al'amurran siyasa. Amma ba su iya dakatar da watsawa tsari. Wannan lokacin kuma ya yi amfani da Tatar-Mongol hordes, Rasha ƙasar da sarauta daga Rasha iya ba shiga sojojin su yi tsayayya waje ta'adi da kuma saboda haka rasa wasu daga cikin sararin ƙasa na kudu maso yammacin kasar da kuma yammacin ƙasashen wanda baya fatattakakkun da sojojin na Batu Khan a XIII-XIV ƙarni sun nasara da Lithuania (Polotskoye, Kiev, Pereyaslavskoe, Chernigovskoye, Turovo-Pinsky, Smolenskoye, Vladimir-Volynskoye) da kuma Poland (Galitskoe). Akwai kawai kai arewa maso gabashin Rasha (Novgorod , Murom, Ryazan da Vladimir ƙasar).

A halin yanzu Rasha mulkokin jam'iyya fara da. XIV da n. Na XVI karni. "Tattara" ta Moscow shugabannin gwamnatin Rasha ya Kanmu ga maido da su hadin kai.

Rasha mulkin gargajiya mulkoki

National fifiko ga Rasha sarakuna da aka kwata 'yanci na Rasha daga karkiyar da Golden taro da farfadowar tattalin arzikin, da kuma yin wannan shi ya zama dole to gama duka, amma wani yana zuwa tsaya a cibiyar. A wannan lokacin, shi saukar biyu karfi shugaban - Moscow da kuma Tver. Tver sarauta da aka kafa a 1247 a zamanin mulkin da kane na Aleksandra Nevskogo - Jaroslav Yaroslavovych. Bayan da ɗan'uwansa ta mutuwa, ya zama gwamnan na Tver sarauta (1263-1272 gg.), Wanda aka sa'an nan ya fi iko a Rasha. Duk da haka, shi ne a kai na daidaituwa tsari.

By XIV karni sosai hanzari hau Moscow, kafin zuwa na Tatar-Mongol ta yi kadan iyakar abu na Vladimir-Suzdal sarauta, amma ta farkon da XIV karni zama wani muhimmin siyasa cibiyar. Kuma duk saboda ta shagaltar da wani sosai m Gwargwadon matsayi. Daga kudu da gabas da hordes rufe ta Ryazan da Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod sarauta, daga arewa maso yammacin - Novgorod da Tver sarauta. Forest a kusa da birnin Moscow sun m ga sojojin doki, da Tatar-Mongol. Saboda haka, inflow na yawan jama'a a cikin Grand sarauta na Moscow Rasha ya karu ma. Akwai fara samar da sana'a da kuma aikin noma. Moscow kuma ya zama mai iko cibiyar ƙasa da waterways, kuma wannan gudummawar da cinikayya, da kuma soja da dabarun.

Moscow

Ta hanyar kogin Moscow da kuma Oka Duchy na Moscow ya fita a cikin Volga da aikin gandu ta hanyar dangana ga Novgorod ƙasar. M siyasa na Moscow sarakuna kuma ba mai kyau da sakamakon, kamar yadda suke su ne iya lashe fiye da sauran Rasha mulkoki da coci. The kafa na Moscow sarakuna na daular Qing ya zama Daniil Aleksandrovich - ƙaramin ɗan Aleksandra Nevskogo (1276-1303 gg.). A ar ashin sarautarsa, da sarauta daga Moscow muhimmanci ƙãra da karkararta. A 1301 ta koma Kolomna, lashe a Ryazan yarima. A 1302, Pereyaslav yarima, wanda ba shi da yara, gãdar da ya mallaka Moscow. A 1303 a Moscow, ya shiga Mozhaisk. Domin shekaru uku ya ninka cikin ƙasa na Moscow sarauta, da kuma shi ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girma a arewacin-gabashin Rasha.

Mozhaysk - a farkon na Moscow River, da kuma Kolomna - a bakin kogin ya a cikakken iko na Moscow sarakuna. Pereslavl-Zaleski - daya daga cikin m yankunan - bayan ya sauya sheka zuwa Moscow sarauta powerfully ƙarfafa m. Saboda haka, sarkin Moscow fara fafitikar da Tver ga babban mulkinsa. Kamar yadda wani babban jami'in reshe na Tver, Michael Yaroslavovich Prince samu cikin taro dama a kan babban mulkinsa.

Sa'an nan a Moscow mulki Yury na Moscow, wanda aka auri 'yar'uwar Khan Uzbek Konchak (bayan Baftisma Agafia). Khan ya ba shi dama ga kursiyin. Sa'an nan Michael a 1315 ya ci tawagar na Yuri da kuma kama matarsa, wanda ya mutu daga baya a Tver. Mikhail kashe kiran su zuwa ga taro. A 1325 George kashe ɗan fari na Mihaila Tverskogo - karaya Dimitri idanu, bayan wanda ya hallaka Khan Uzbek, kamar yadda Uzbek Khan ya bi da manufofin da waje kiwo Rasha shugabanninmu, a sakamakon Mai girma sarauta na Tver ya Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1326-1327 gg.).

A tawaye a Tver

A 1327 akwai wani boren a Tver da zumunta Uzbek akafi. The hallaka 'yan tawaye da yawa Tatars. Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325-1340 gg.), Shan amfani da lokacin ya zo Tver ga Tatar-mangolawa, mur da mutane ta haushinka. Tun daga nan, da lakabin a kan babban sarautar kasance a Moscow sarakuna. Kalita gudanar ya cimma wani kusa dangane da coci hukumomi a Moscow. Saboda haka, Metropolitan Bitrus ya koma ya zauna a cikin Moscow. By cewa lokaci, Moscow ya zama ba kawai akida, amma kuma da addini cibiyar na Rasha. A zamanin mulkin Ivan Kalita 'ya'yan Saminu Proud (1340-1353 gg.) Kuma Ivan Red (1353-1359 gg.) Don da Duchy na Moscow da aka shiga Kostroma, Dmitrov, Starodubsky ƙasar da kuma wani ɓangare na Kaluga ƙasar.

Don

Prince Dmitry (1359-1389 gg.) Was 9 shekaru haihuwa ya fara gudanar da Moscow sarauta. Har yanzu, gwagwarmayar da kursiyin Vladimir Grand. Abokan adawar na Moscow ya fara fito fili ya goyi bayan taro. A alama ce nasarar da nasarar Moscow sarauta ya yi na fari-dutse Kremlin, wanda shi ne kawai sansanin soja da kuma dutse kufaifan aiki a cikin arewa-maso-gabashin kasar Rasha. Ta hanyar wannan Moscow ya iya yaqi kashe da'awar a kan duk-Russian jagorancin Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, kuma sunã tunkuɗe da Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas. A ni'imar Moscow canza ma'auni na sojojin a Rasha.

Kuma da taro don tsakiyar XIV karni fara haila daga cikin weakening na tsakiyar ikon da kuma gwagwarmayar da na sarki kursiyin. A 1377 da kogin ya bugu yãƙi collisions inda taro murƙushe Muscovite sojojin. Amma a shekara daga baya a 1378 a kan kogin Vozha sojojin Murza Begich ci Dmitry.

Battle of Kulikovo

A 1380 Khan Mamai yanke shawarar mayar da dominance na Rasha ƙasashe na Golden taro. Ya hada kai tare da Lithuanian Prince Jagiello, kuma su koma Rasha. Prince Dmitry a wancan lokacin girman kamar talented kwamandan. Ya koma wajen Tatars ya haye Don, inda ya tsunduma cikin yaƙi da abokan gaba a kan kansa ƙasa. Na biyu aiki ya kasance zuwa wurin yaƙi a ba Mamai hada sojojin da Jagiello.

Satumba 8, 1380, a ranar yakin Kulikov safe ya m, kawai 11 kwana fara wasan da Rasha warrior-m Peresvet da Tartar warrior Chelubey. Tatar farko m da m Rasha rajimanti, kuma mahaifiyata ta yi nasara, amma sai ya buga daga flank kwanto rajimanti mahukunta Dmitry Bobrok-Volintsev kuma Prince Vladimira Serpuhovskogo. By 15 Wajen ƙarfe yaƙin ya bayyanãwa. Tatars gudu, kuma ga generalship abin yabo fara kira Dmitri Donskoi. Battle of Kulikovo da yawa ya raunana ikon da taro, wanda daga baya karshe sun yarda da daukaka na Moscow a kan Rasha asashe.

Tokhtamysh

Mamay gudu bayan da shan kashi a Kafu (Feodosiya), inda ya kashe. A mulkin taro a lokacin da Khan ya zama Tokhtamysh. A 1382 ya ba zato ba tsammani farmaki Moscow. A lokacin Don ya fita daga gari, sai ya tafi zuwa ga arewa da tattara wani sabon aikin tilas. The yawan jaruntaka suka yi yaƙi da shirya da tsaro na Moscow. A sakamakon haka, Tokhtamysh outsmarted su, alamar ba su washe birnin, da kuma yaki ne a kan Don. Amma, ya garzaya zuwa Moscow, ya ci birnin, ya dalaye shi haraji.

Kafin mutuwarsa, Don ya ba da dama ga babban sarautar Vladimir wa ɗansa Vasily I, ba tare da tambayar da taro dama a kan lakabin. Kamar wancan garwaya Rasha mulkoki - Moscow da Vladimir.

Timur

A 1395 da m Timur Tamerlane, nasara Central Asia, Farisa, Siberia, Baghdad, India, Turkiya, ya tafi zuwa ga taro, kuma ya halaka shi, sa'an nan ya koma Moscow. Basil na da wannan lokaci taru a militia a Kolomna. A Moscow daga Vladimir kawo Advocate na Rasha ƙasar - icon daga cikin Vladimir Uwar Allah. A lokacin da a karo na biyu kwata Timur tafi Moscow da kuma zauna a Yelets yanki, sa'an nan kuma bayan wani lokaci, ya ba zato ba tsammani canza tunaninsa je Rasha. A cewar labari, shi ake dangantawa da sabon abu na mafarki Timur mafi Uwar Maryamu.

Mulkin gargajiya yaƙe-yaƙe da kungiyar Florence

Bayan rasuwar Basil na a karshen na XIV karni, gwagwarmayar da Rasha mulkoki da jayayya, da ake kira "mulkin gargajiya yaƙe-yaƙe." A Moscow sarauta tsakanin 'ya'yansa da daga baya jikoki Dmitry Donskoy ya mai real yaƙi domin mallaki kursiyin. A sakamakon haka, sai ya tafi Vasily II da Dark, Muscovy ya karu a wannan lokacin daga 30 sau.

Basil II ya ki yarda da ƙungiyar (1439) da kuma tsayawa a karkashin primacy na Kirista. Wannan ƙungiyar da aka aza karkashin inuwar ceton Rasha daga Rum, Ottoman. Rasha Lardi Isidore (Greek), da ke goyon bayan ƙungiyar, aka nan da nan hambararren. Kuma a sa'an nan Lardi Bishop Jonah zama Ryazan. A da farkon na da 'yancin kai na Rasha Orthodox Church na Patriarchate na Konstantinoful.

Bayan mamaye na Konstantinoful da Ottoman a 1453, shugaban na Rasha Church fara ayyana a Moscow. Orthodox Church rayayye goyan bayan gwagwarmayar da daidaituwa na Rasha asashe. Yanzu gwagwarmayar ikon da aka ba ware Rasha mulkoki, kuma ta yi tafiya a cikin 'ya'yan sarakuna ba gidan. Amma samuwar mai girma Rasha jihar ya zama babu ja, da kuma duk ya zama a gane a matsayin babban birnin kasar Moscow.