Rabin dauki Hanyar: algorithm

Mutane da yawa sunadarai matakai gwada tare da canji digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin kwayoyin halitta wadda samar da mai amsawa fili. Rubuta lissafai halayen redox irin aka sau da yawa tare da wahala a kafa da coefficients kafin kowane dabara abubuwa. A saboda wannan dalili, hanyoyin da aka ɓullo da suka shafi wutar lantarki, ko lantarki-ionic cajin rarraba balance. A labarin da ya bayyana na biyu hanyar sama da lissafai.

rabin dauki hanya, jigon

Ya kuma yi kira electron-ion balance rarraba coefficient ninkãwa. Bisa Hanyar musayar barnatar caje barbashi tsakanin anions ko cations a rushe matsakaici tare da daban-daban PH darajar.

A cikin halayen da oxidative da reductive Wutan irin hannu tare da korau ions ko tabbatacce cajin. Lissafai kwayoyin ion jinsunan, tushen rabin dauki hanya yana da hannu, a fili ya nuna jigon duk wani tsari.

Don samar da ma'auni na Wutan amfani na musamman tsarin rubutu karfi mahada kamar yadda ionic barbashi da kuma sako-sako da sadarwa, da kuma iskar gas adibas a cikin nau'i na undissociated kwayoyin. A abun da ke ciki dole nuna haihuwarka barbashi wanda canza su mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Don sanin rushe matsakaici a balance nuna a fakaice acidic (H ^+), Alkali (OH ^-) da kuma tsaka tsaki (H ₂ Ya) yanayi.

Ga abin da amfani?

A WRA Hanyar ne directed zuwa rabin dauki lissafai rubutu ionic dabam ga hadawan abu da iskar shaka da kuma rage tafiyar matakai. A karshe balance za su jimla.

aiwatar saukarwa

Writing na da peculiarities rabin dauki hanya. A algorithm qunshi da wadannan matakai:

- The mataki na farko shi ne a rubuta dabarbari ga duk reactants. Ga misali:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCI

- Sa'an nan za ka bukatar ka shigar da alama daga wani sinadaran ra'ayi, kowane bangaren na tsari. A wannan dauki, KMnO ₄ ayyukan kamar yadda oxidizer, H ₂ S ne a rage wakili da kuma HCI ma'anar wani acidic muhalli.

- Mataki na uku da ya kamata a rubuta a kan wani sabon line dabara ionic mahadi maida martani da karfi da electrolyte yuwuwar a cikin sunadaran da akwai wani canji na digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. A wannan dauki MnO ₄ ^- ayyukan matsayin oxidizing wakili, H ₂ S ne rage reagent da H ⁺ oxonium cation ko H ₃ Ya ⁺ ma'anar wani acidic muhalli. A gaseous, m, ko raunana electrolytic fili bayyana m kwayoyin dabarbari.

Sanin fara gyara, don kokarin sanin abin da irin oxidizing da rage wakili za a rage da kuma oxidized form, bi da bi. Wani lokaci karshe abubuwa sun riga an kayyade a cikin yanayi, wanda facilitates aikin. Wadannan lissafai nuna mika mulki H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide) to S (sulfur), da kuma anion MnO ₄ ^- at mn ²⁺ cation.

Domin da ma'auni na atomic barbashi a hagu da kuma dama rabo a acidic yanayi ne kara hydrogen cation H ⁺ ko kwayoyin ruwa. A alkaline bayani da aka kara hydroxide ions OH ^- ko H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → mn ²⁺

A wani bayani da wani oxygen zarra tare da manganatnyh ions H ⁺ form ruwa kwayoyin. Don equalize da yawan abubuwa da aka rubuta a matsayin lissafi: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ Ya + mn ^2+.

Sa'an nan kuma, daidaita da aka kwashe da wutar lantarki. Don yin wannan, la'akari da jimlar adadin cajin bar a yankin, shi dai bakwai, sa'an nan zuwa gefen dama, biyu kofofi. Don daidaita aiwatar da aka kara wa farawa kayan biyar korau barbashi: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ Ya + mn ^2+. Sai dai itace rabin dauki warke.

Yanzu equalize da yawan kwayoyin halitta a hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari. Don wannan yana kara gefen dama hydrogen cations: H ₂ S → 2h ^{+ +} S.

Bayan Daidaita cajin da aka yi: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2h ^{+ +} S. An gani cewa farawa mahadi cinyewa biyu korau barbashi. Sai dai itace rabin dauki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari.

Record biyu lissafai a cikin wani shafi da kuma layi da simintin da kuma yarda da zargin. Bisa ga mulkin ya tabbatar da dalilin da kalla mahara da aka zaba domin kowane rabin dauki your multiplier. An tara da oxidative da reductive lissafi.

Yanzu yana yiwuwa a gudanar da wani summation na biyu zanen gado, folded hagu da kuma dama bangarorin tare da rage yawan lantarki nau'in.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ Ya + mn ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2h + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{Ya + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5s

A sakamakon lissafi iya rage yawan H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ Ya + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5s.

Mu duba daidaitar da ion balance da kirgawa yawan oxygen kwayoyin halitta da kibiyoyi da kuma bayan shi, wanda shi ne daidai 8. Haka ma wajibi ne don tabbatar da karshe zargin, da kuma sa hannu na balance: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Idan duk abin da yayi daidai, shi aka rubuta daidai.

rabin dauki Hanyar ƙare da miƙa mulki daga kwayoyin ion rikodi da lissafi. Ga kowane barbashi da anion da cation rabo daga bar balance a kan m cajin zaba ion. Sa'an nan kuma suna canjawa wuri zuwa gefen dama, a cikin wannan adadin. Yanzu, da ions za a iya haɗa dukan kwayoyin.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ Ya + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5s

^{6Cl - + 2k + → 6Cl -} + 2k +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ Ya + 2MnCl ₂ + 5s + 2KCl.

Aiwatar da hanyar da rabin-halayen, da algorithm wanda shi ne ya rubuta da kwayoyin lissafi, shi iya tare da rubuce-rubuce irin lantarki ma'auni.

Tabbatar da dalilin da oxidizing jamiái

Irin wannan rawa da aka buga da ionic, atomic ko kwayoyin abokai cewa sami barnatar da cajin electrons. Oxidising abubuwa sha sabuntawa a cikin halayen. Suna da wutar lantarki da drawback, wanda za a iya sauƙi cika. Irin wannan matakai sun hada da redox rabin dauki.

Ba dukan abubuwa suna da ikon hašawa electrons. By karfi oxidizing reagents sun hada da:

• halogen wakilainsu;
• acid kamar nitric, sulfuric da selenic.
• potassium permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate.
• tetravalent manganese da gubar oxides.
• azurfa, da zinariya ion.
• fili gaseous oxygen.
• divalent jan oxides da monovalent azurfa.
• chlorine-dauke da gishiri aka gyara.
• vodka sarauta.
• hydrogen peroxide.

Tabbatar da dalilin da rage

Wannan rawa nasa ne ionic, atomic ko kwayoyin gaɓũɓuwa, wanda ba wani mummunan cajin. A cikin halayen rage abubuwa sha oxidative wajaba a kan tsakiyan nonon na electrons.

Da rage Properties :

• Wakilai da dama karafa.
• tetravalent sulfur mahadi da hydrogen sulfide.
• halogen acid.
• da baƙin ƙarfe, chromium, kuma manganese sulfate.
• stannous chloride.
• nitrogen-dauke da jamiái kamar acid nitrous, stannous oxide, hydrazine da kuma ammonia.
• halitta carbon da divalent oxide.
• hydrogen kwayoyin.
• phosphorous acid.

Abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin Hanyar electron-ion

Don rubuta da wani redox dauki, rabin dauki hanyar da ake amfani da mafi sau da yawa fiye da lantarki irin balance.

Wannan shi ne saboda da abũbuwan amfãni electron-ion Hanyar :

1. A lokacin rubuta da lissafi la'akari da ainihin ions da mahadi da cewa wanzu a matsayin wani ɓangare na bayani.
2. Ba za ka iya farko da bayanai game da karbar fili, suna m, a karshe, saukarwa.
3. Shi ne ba ko da yaushe dole data a kan mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka.
4. Saboda da hanyar, yana yiwuwa ya san yawan electrons da hannu a cikin rabin dauki matsayin canza PH tamanin da mafita.
5. By da rage lissafai ionic jinsunan karatu alama na matakai da tsarin da sakamakon mahadi.

Half-dauki a acid bayani

Dauke da fitar da lissafin da wuce haddi da hydrogen ions ɗã'a ga asali algorithm. Hanyar rabin dauki a acid matsakaici da rikodi fara wani ɓangare na wani tsari. Sa'an nan kuma aka bayyana a cikin nau'i na lissafai na ion jinsin a yarda da ma'auni na atomic da lantarki cajin. Dabam rubuta matakai na oxidative da reductive hali.

Don tsara a layi atomic oxygen zuwa goyi halayen da wani wuce haddi kawo ta hydrogen cations. A yawa na H ⁺ kamata ya ba da isasshen samu kwayoyin ruwa. Baya oxygen rashi a sakamakon H ₂ O.

Sa'an nan za'ayi da ma'auni na hydrogen kwayoyin zarra da electrons.

Make a summation na lissafai kafin da kuma bayan da kibiya tare da tsari na coefficients.

Yi guda akan rage ions da kwayoyin. By riga an rubuta reagents a total Bugu da kari na rasa lissafi aiki anionic da cationic jinsunan. Adadin su kafin da kuma bayan da kibiya dole dace ba.

Jadawalin OVR (rabin dauki Hanyar) yana dauke da za a cika a lokacin da rubutu a ƙãre magana daga cikin kwayoyin nau'in. Next zuwa kowane bangaren dole ne a wasu factor.

Misalan acidic yanayi

A dauki na sodium nitrite da chloric acid take kaiwa ga samar da sodium nitrate da hydrochloric acid. Ga tsari na coefficients ta amfani da hanyar na rabin-halayen, misalai da rubuce-rubuce lissafai hade tare da wani nuni da acidic muhalli.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → Nano ₃ + HCI

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ Ya + CL ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2h + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ Ya + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ Ya + CL ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → CL ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + + H → 3Na +} + + H

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCI.

A wannan tsari, wani nitrite na sodium nitrate aka samu, da kuma daga chloric acid kafa gishiri. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka digiri canje-canje da nitrogen 3 zuwa 5, da kuma chlorine cajin 5 zama -1. Dukansu kayayyakin ba ya samar da wata precipitate.

Half-dauki ga wani alkaline yanayi

Gudanar da lissafin lokacin da wuce haddi hydroxide ions yayi dace da lissafin for acidic mafita. Hanyar rabin dauki a alkaline matsakaici ma fara bayyana gyara na aiwatar a cikin nau'i na ionic lissafai. Bambance-bambance lura a lokacin da jeri na atomic oxygen. Saboda haka, kau da kai daga ta dauki tare da wuce haddi da kwayoyin kawo ruwa, da kuma kishiyar sashi appends hydroxide anions.

A coefficient na kwayoyin na H ₂ Ya nuna bambanci a cikin adadin oxygen kafin da kuma bayan da kibiya, da kuma ga ions OH ^- shi biyu. A lokacin hadawan abu da iskar shaka wakili aiki a matsayin rage wakili daukan Yã kwayoyin halitta da hydroxyl anions.

Hanyar rabin dauki kare yin sauran matakai na algorithm, wanda yayi daidai da matakai da da wani wuce haddi na acid. A karshen sakamakon shi ne da lissafi daga cikin kwayoyin nau'in.

Misalai ga alkaline matsakaici

A lokacin da hadawa aidin da sodium hydroxide kafa sodium iodide da iodate, na ruwa kwayoyin. Domin balance tsari ta amfani da rabin dauki hanya. Misalan Alkali mafita da su ƙayyadaddu alaka equalization na atomic oxygen.

NaOH + Na ₂ → Nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ Ya

I + e ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + I - 5e - →} I - + 3H ₂ Ya + IO ₃ ^- | 1

I + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ Ya + 5I ^- + IO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ + +} 5Na

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

A sakamakon da dauki bacewar na Violet saka launi kwayoyin aidin. Akwai canji hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar na kashi daga 0 zuwa 1 da 5 samar iodide da sodium iodate.

Reaction a tsaka tsaki yanayi

Yawanci shi yana nufin tafiyar matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin hydrolysis ta samar da rauni acid salts (tare da PH darajar tsakanin 6 da 7) ko da dan kadan na asali (zuwa PH 7 zuwa 8) bayani.

rabin dauki hanya a cikin wani tsaka tsaki matsakaici da aka rubuta a cikin da dama versions.

A na farko hanya ba ya la'akari da gishiri hydrolysis. A matsakaici da aka dauka a matsayin tsaka tsaki da kuma zuwa hagu na kibiya sanyã kwayoyin ruwa. A wannan embodiment, a rabin-halayen dauki ga acid, da kuma wani - for alkaline.

Na biyu Hanyar ya dace domin tafiyar matakai a cikin abin da zai yiwu ya tsayar da m PH darajar. Sa'an nan da dauki ga Hanyar ion-electron daukarsa a wani alkaline ko acidic bayani.

MISALI tsaka tsaki matsakaici

Lokacin da hydrogen sulfide fili da sodium dichromate a ruwa da aka samu precipitate sulfur, sodium da kuma trivalent chromium hydroxide. Wannan shi ne wani hali martani ga wani tsaka tsaki bayani.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ Ya ₇ + ₂ H S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ Ya + Kr ₂ Ya ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ Ya + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ Ya ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + + 3S 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Hydrogen cations da hydroxide anions lokacin da a hade, ta samar da wata 6 kwayoyin na ruwa. Su za a iya cire a dama da hagu, da barin wuce haddi ga kibiya.

H ₂ Ya + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ Ya ₇ ^2- → 3S + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ Ya ₇ + ₂ 3H S + H ₂ Ya → 2NaOH + 3S + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

A karshen dauki wani precipitate na chromium hydroxide launuka shudi da kuma rawaya sulfur a cikin alkaline bayani tare da sodium hydroxide. A oxidative ikon da kashi S zama -2 to 0, kuma tuhuma da chromium +6 tuba zuwa 3.