Great naturalists wanda ya sanya duk duniya bude

Great naturalists sun shahara da masana kimiyya suka yi karatu da yanayin kai tsaye hulda da shi. Wannan kalma za a iya deciphered, idan ka raba shi kashi biyu: da "yanayi" - shi ne hali da kuma "gwajin" - duba.

Great naturalists: jerin

A kimiyyar yanayin halitta a lokacin da shi ya zama dole, don bayyana yanayi da kuma koyi dukan, watau. E. Don amfani da shi wani ilmi daga bangarori daban-daban na kimiyya, kamar o, ilmin taurari, ilmin dabbobi, mineralogy, na farko naturalists daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Ya kamata lissafa abubuwan da masana kimiyya da kuma gaya game da wasu daga cikin bayani da zai iya yin ban sha'awa binciken a lokacin da akwai haka 'yan dama da kuma ilimi:

• Stiv Irvin (Australia).
• Terri Irwin (Australia).
• Alice Menfild (Australia).
• Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva (Brazil).
• Bartolomeu de Gusmão (Brazil).
• Erik Pontoppidan (Denmark).
• Frederick Faber (Denmark).

Great naturalists kasance a Faransa, Jamus, Birtaniya, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland da kuma Rasha, tsakanin wanda aka sani da suna Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, Aleksandr Fedorovich Kots da Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov.

A farko masanin kimiyya

Interest a cikin yanayin mutum ya bayyana a zamanin da, lokacin da ya fara zuwa tunani a game da abin da shuka za a iya ci da abin da yake ba, yadda za ka farautar dabbobi da kuma yadda za a hora su.

A zamanin d Girka, akwai farko mai naturalists, ciki har da Aristotle. Shi ne na farko ya yi nazarin kuma suka tsayar da yanayi da kuma sanya wani ƙoƙari systematize da ilmi. A lokaci guda su lura masanin kimiyya exerted almara da ya taimaka a gudanar da bincike. Ya na farko kimiyya amfani, wanda na dogon lokaci amfani a cikin binciken.

A lokacin da rayuwar Aristotle halitta a manyan zoo, da kuma taimaka masa to dama dubu mutane, ciki har da masunta, makiyaya, dayansu, inda kowa da kowa yana da wani suna na a master a gonarsa aka bai wa.

A kan tushen da tattara bayanai masanin kimiyya rubuta fiye da 50 littattafai, inda kwayoyin kasu kashi cikin sauki, wanda ya tsaya a magangara mafi ƙasƙanci matakin na ci gaba, kazalika da gano da sauran halittu da suke da mafi rikitarwa. Ya ware fitar da wani rukuni na dabbobi da cewa a yau an san yadda Arthropoda, wadannan sun hada da kwari da crustaceans.

Babban halittu Carl Linnaeus

A hankali tara ilmi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi da ba sunaye, amma a kan daban-daban nahiyoyi, mutane ba su sunayen, haddasa rikice. Yana da aka musamman wuya ga masana kimiyya ya raba ilmi da kwarewa, saboda yana da wuya a gane abin da ko su wanene. Aristotle ta tsarin, wanda aka yi amfani da na dogon lokaci, ya zama wanda aka rabu amfani da shi ba dacewa, a lokacin da ya buɗe sababbin ƙasar.

A farko gane cewa lokaci ya zo don mayar da oda, shi ne mai Swedish masanin kimiyya Karl Linney, wanda ya yi babban aiki a cikin 17th karni.

Ya ba da sunan kowane jinsin, kuma a cikin Latin, domin kowa da kowa zai iya fahimta a kasashe daban-daban a duniya. Har ila yau, kwayoyin da aka raba kungiyoyin da rarrabuwa da kuma samu wani biyu sunan (subspecies). Alal misali, Birch yana da kara sunan kamar yadda ploskolistnaya da Dwarf bear ruwan kasa da fari.

Linnaeus 'tsarin amfani da haka ya zuwa yanzu, ko da yake a lokuta dabam dabam, shi aka modified Bayan haka, amma ainihin tsarin kasance iri guda.

Charles Darwin

A cikin karni na 19th a Ingila, gida daga cikin shahararrun masanin kimiyya Charles Darwin, wanda da gudummawar da ci gaban kimiyya da kuma kafa ka'idar asalin duniya, wanda aka sani ga kowane makaranta.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin manyan naturalists gudanar versions na Darwin, wanda ya kunshi a gaskiyar cewa halittu canza a kan lokaci, adapting to wasu rai yanayi. Amma ba kowa da kowa zai iya daidaita, kuma gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta, wanda shi ne ma iya kai su mafi kyau halaye gaji zuriyarsa.

Rasha masana kimiyya

A tsawon shekaru, babban naturalists kasance a Rasha, kuma mutane da yawa sani game da su isa yabo da binciken.

Tsarin halittar jini Nikolai Vavilov ya yi babban taimako ga nazarin horar da shuke-shuke. Ya tara most tarin tsaba, wanda yana da game da 250,000 samfurori, domin sanin su wuri na asali, da kuma ci gaba da ka'idar shuka rigakafi.

Great taimako zuwa filin daga immunology ya sanya Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, karatu da jikin mutum da kuma hanyar da ya yi yãki daban-daban ƙwayoyin cuta. A aikin da aka sadaukar domin nazarin kwalara, typhoid, da tarin fuka, da kuma syphilis, ƙoƙarin fahimtar asalin da kuma gano hanyoyin da yaki. Ya artificially sa syphilis a birai da aka bayyana shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen. Kawai ga wadannan nasarori za a iya dangana ga category na "babban halitta masana kimiyya." Biology ya kasance wata babbar kimiyya: ya halitta da ka'idar asalin kwayar kwayoyin, inda kiwo ya kebe da yawa lokaci zuwa binciken na tsufa tsari, kuma ya ji cewa tsufa zo ma farkon saboda kai-da guba kwayoyin daban-daban microbes da gubobi.