Mene ne tsarin sinadarin? Hanyar sunadarai: ainihi da rawar jiki

Za a iya yin gyaran fuska na mahadi a yanayin rayuwa, kazalika da abubuwan da suka fito daga ayyukan ɗan adam za a iya ɗaukar su matakai. Maganganu a cikinsu zasu iya zama ko dai abubuwa biyu ko fiye waɗanda suke a cikin ɗaya ko a cikin jihohi daban-daban. Dangane da wannan, ana nuna bambanci da tsari ko tsarin daban-daban. Hanyoyin da za a gudanar, da siffofin tsarin da kuma aikin matakan sinadaran yanayi za a yi la'akari a wannan takarda.

Menene ma'anar sinadaran ke nufi?

Idan, sabili da haɗuwa da abubuwa na farko, abubuwan da aka tsara na kwayoyin sunyi canje-canje, da kuma cajin da kwayoyin atomatik sun kasance iri ɗaya, daya yayi magana game da halayen halayen hade ko tafiyar matakai. Abubuwan da aka samo asali daga sakamakon su, sunyi amfani da su a masana'antu, noma da rayuwar yau da kullum. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a tsakanin abubuwa suna faruwa, da yawa a cikin rayuwa da kuma yanayin mara kyau. Kwayoyin maganin sunyi muhimmiyar bambanci daga abubuwan da suka shafi jiki da kuma kaddarorin rediyo. Suna samar da kwayoyin sababbin abubuwa, yayin da matakan jiki ba su canza nauyin mahadi ba, kuma a cikin halayen nukiliya, ana samar da kwayoyin sababbin abubuwa sunadarai.

Yanayi don aiwatar da matakai a cikin sunadarai

Za su iya bambanta da kuma dogara, da farko, a kan yanayin masu haɗuwa, da bukatar samar da makamashi na waje, da kuma jihar da aka tara (daskararru, mafita, gas) wanda ake aiwatar da shi. Za'a iya aiwatar da ma'anar haɗin gwiwar tsakanin mabiyoyi biyu ko fiye a ƙarƙashin rinjayar catalysts (alal misali, samar da nitric acid), zazzabi (samun ammoniya), hasken wuta (photosynthesis). Tare da hadewar enzymes a cikin yanayin rayuwa, tsarin tafiyar da sinadarai na sinadaran (barasa, lactic acid, butyric acid) da aka yi amfani da su a cikin abinci da kuma masana'antu da kwayoyin halittu suna tartsatsi. Don samun samfurori a cikin masana'antun kwayoyin halitta, daya daga cikin mahimman yanayi shi ne kasancewar hanyar yin amfani da sinadaran kyauta. Misali zai iya zama samar da samfurori na chlorine na methane (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, wanda ya samo asali daga sakamakon halayen sarkar.

Bambancin catalysis

Su ne lambobi na musamman na abubuwa biyu ko fiye. Jigon sinadarin sunadarai da ke faruwa a wani yanayi mai kama (alal misali, gas gas) tare da haɗuwa da haɓaka aikin haɗaka yana kunshe da ɗaukar halayen a cikin girman ƙarfin. Idan mai haɓaka ya kasance a cikin jihar da aka haɗu a matsayin masu haɗuwa, yana samar da ƙwayoyin tsaka-tsakin hannu tare da mahaɗar farawa.

Bambancin catalysis shine babban tsari na sinadarai, misali, a cikin sarrafa man fetur, samar da gasoline, naphtha, man fetur, da sauransu. Yana amfani da fasaha kamar gyaggyarawa, isomerization, cattic cracking.

Daban-daban catalysis

A cikin yanayin nau'in catalysis iri-iri, lamba daga cikin masu amsawa na faruwa, mafi sau da yawa, a kan tsaunin mai karfin kanta. Yana samar da wuraren da ake kira cibiyoyin aiki. Yana yankuna a cikin abin da hulda da reactants ne sosai m, Ina nufin na dauki kudi ne high. Su ne nau'in nau'i-nau'i kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa kuma idan matakan sunadaran sun faru a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Sai suka yi magana game da metabolism - na rayuwa halayen. Misali na catalysis iri iri shine samar da masana'antu na sulfate acid. A contactor gaseous cakuda sulfur dioxide da oxygen ne mai tsanani da kuma wuce ta hanyar latticed shelves cika da particulate foda na vanadium oxide, vanadyl sulfate ko VOSO _4. Sakamakon samfurin shine sulfur trioxide, sa'an nan kuma ƙaddamar da sulfuric acid yana shafe shi. An kafa ruwa, mai suna oleum. Ana iya shafe shi da ruwa don samun burin da ake so da sulfate acid.

Features na thermochemical halayen

Rashin yin amfani da makamashi a cikin yanayin zafi yana da muhimmancin gaske. Yakamata ya tuna da abin da ake yiwa man fetur: gas na halitta, kwalba, peat. Su ne matakai na kimiyya, wanda muhimmin halayen shine zafi na konewa. Ayyukan ƙararraki sunada yalwace a cikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma yanayin marasa rayuwa. Alal misali, a cikin tsarin narkewa, sunadarai, lipids da carbohydrates an kulle a ƙarƙashin aikin abubuwa masu rai - enzymes.

An samar da makamashi ta asali a cikin nau'i na macroergic na kwayoyin ATP. An halayen halayen kwancewa tare da sakin makamashi, wanda ɓangarensa ya ɓace kamar zafi. A sakamakon sakamakon narkewa, kowane nau'in gina jiki ya bada 17, 2 kJ na makamashi, sitaci - 17, 2 kJ, mai - 38.9 kJ. Hanyar sunadarai da ke gudana tare da sakin makamashi ana kiransa exothermic, tare da shaye shi - endothermic. A cikin masana'antun kwayoyin halitta da sauran fasahar zamani, ana haifar da yanayin zafi na thermochemical halayen. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a san, misali, don daidaitaccen adadin yawan makamashin da aka yi amfani dashi don yin zafi da kuma jerin ginshiƙai wanda halayen ya faru tare da shawan zafi.

Kinetics da kuma rawar da ya taka wajen ka'idar tsarin tafiyar da sinadaran

Ƙididdige yawan ƙwayoyin maganin kwayoyin (kwayoyin, ions) shine aikin da ya fi muhimmanci ga masana'antu. Maganarta ta ba da amfani da tattalin arziki da kuma amfani da hanyoyi na fasaha a cikin samar da sinadaran. Don ƙara gudun irin wannan motsi, alal misali, kira na ammoniya, abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci zasu zama canji a matsa lamba a cikin gishiri na nitrogen da hydrogen har zuwa 30 MPa, kuma kuma don hana karuwa mai yawa a cikin zafin jiki (yanayin zafi mafi kyau shine 450-550 ° C).

Sunadarai matakai amfani a yi na sulphated acid, wato pyrite kona, hadawan abu da iskar shaka na sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, oleum sha ne da za'ayi a karkashin yanayi daban-daban. Don haka, an yi amfani da ƙwayar wutar lantarki da abokan sadarwa. Suna la'akari da yawan abubuwan da suke da su, da zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba. Dukkan waɗannan abubuwa sunyi daidai don aiwatar da wannan karfin a cikin mafi girma, wanda ya kara yawan amfanin ƙasa na sulphate acid zuwa 96-98%.

Tsarin abubuwa, kamar yadda tsarin kimiyya na physicochemical yake

Sanarwar da ake kira "Movement is life" kuma za a iya amfani da shi ga abubuwa masu sinadaran shiga cikin wasu nau'o'in hulɗa (halayen fili, canzawa, bazuwar, musayar). Kwayoyin kwalliya da kwayoyin halittu sunadarai sun zo a cikin motsi. Kamar yadda masana kimiyya, duk na sama iri sinadaran halayen za a iya tare da jiki mamaki: kadan saki ko sha na photons haske haskoki, canza jihar na tari. Wadannan matakai suna faruwa a kowane harsashi na duniya: lithosphere, hydrosphere, yanayin, da halittu. Mafi muhimmancin waɗannan shine hawan abubuwa kamar oxygen, carbon dioxide da nitrogen. A cikin batu na gaba, za mu dubi yadda ake rarraba nitrogen a cikin yanayi, ƙasa da kwayoyin rai.

Cigaba da nitrogen da mahadi

An sani cewa nitrogen shine yaduwar sunadarin sunadarai, sabili da haka suna shiga cikin dukkan nau'o'in rayuwar duniya, ba tare da banda ba. Nitrogen an kwatanta shi da tsire-tsire da dabbobi a cikin nau'in ions: ammonium, nitrate da nitrite ions. Tsire-tsire a sakamakon sakamakon photosynthesis ba wai kawai glucose ba, har ma amino acid, glycerin, acid fat. Dukkanin sunadarai da aka lissafa a sama sune samfurori na halayen da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin zagaye na Calvin. Masanin kimiyyar Rasha mai suna K. Timiryazev ya yi magana game da tsinkayen tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, suna da ra'ayi, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ikon su na haɗin sunadarai.

Herbivores sun karbi peptides daga abinci na abinci, da kuma carnivores - daga nama na wadanda aka kashe. Yayin da lalata shuka da dabba sun kasance a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kwayoyin saprotrophic, kwayoyin halitta da sinadaran abubuwa sun faru. A sakamakon haka, nitrogen daga kwayoyin halittu ya wuce cikin nau'in tsari (ammoniya, nitrogen mai kyauta, nitrates da nitrites an kafa). Komawa zuwa yanayi da ƙasa, dukkanin waɗannan abubuwa sun sake kwashe su ta tsire-tsire. Nitrogen shiga cikin fata ta cikin stomata na ganye, da kuma mafita daga nitric acid da nitrous acid da kuma salts daga gare ake tunawa da tushen hairs da shuka asalinsu. Tsarin sake zagaye na nitrogen ya rufe don maimaita. Jigon da sunadarai matakai faruwa tare da nitrogen mahadi a yanayi da aka yi karatu a daki-daki, a farkon karni na 20th da Rasha masanin kimiyya DN Pryanishnikov.

Foda Kashi

Masana'antu da kuma fasahar zamani na yau da kullum suna taimakawa wajen samar da kayan aiki tare da kaya na jiki da hade. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, na farko, don kayan aiki da kayan aiki na man fetur, masana'antun da ke samar da kayan inganci, dyes, varnishes, plastics. A cikin samar da masu musayar wuta, masu amfani da na'urori, ginshiƙan ginshiƙai, ana amfani da pipelines. Sakamakon kayan aiki yana cikin hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarun muni a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Bugu da ƙari, kusan dukkanin tsarin tafiyar da sinadarin sunadaran ne da aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayin zafi. Abinda ya dace shi ne samar da kayan aiki tare da matakan thermal da kuma acid, masu kariya da kariya.

Jigilar man ƙanshi ya haɗa da matakai na samar da kwakwalwan da ke dauke da karfe, da yin fashewa da gabatarwa a cikin abin da ake amfani da shi na zamani da aka yi amfani da su a cikin halayen da abubuwa masu haɗari.

Haɗe da ma'anar su

Daga cikin fasahar zamani, hanyoyin da suka fi muhimmanci sunadarai sune halayen kayan aiki. Wadannan sun hada da foams, cermets, norpapalsts. A matsayin matrix don samar da amfani da karafa da allo, cakulan, robobi. Yayinda ake amfani da sinadarin silicium, yumɓu mai laushi, strontium ferrium da barium. Dukkanin abubuwan da ke sama suna ba da kayan aiki ga tasiri, zafi da kuma jurewa.

Mene ne fasahar sinadarai?

Rashin reshe, kimiyya, shiga cikin nazarin hanyoyin da hanyoyi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin halayen kayan sarrafa kayan aiki: man fetur, gas na halitta, kwalba, ma'adanai, ana kiransa fasahar sinadaran. A wasu kalmomi, ilimin kimiyyar sinadaran ne ke faruwa a sakamakon aikin mutum. Dukkanin tushensa shi ne ilmin lissafi, hanyoyin yanar gizo, sunadaran jiki, tattalin arziki. Ba abin da ya shafi abin da tsarin sinadaran yake amfani da fasaha (samar da nitrate, ƙaddarar samfurin, samfurin phenol-formaldehyde) - a halin yanzu ba shi yiwuwa ba tare da tsarin sarrafa kai ba wanda ke taimakawa aikin ɗan adam ba tare da gurɓata muhalli ba kuma samar da fasaha mai mahimmanci da bazatawar samar da sinadaran.

A cikin wannan takarda munyi la'akari da misalan matakai na sinadaran da ke faruwa, a cikin yanayin rayuwa (photosynthesis, kwance, kwance na nitrogen), da kuma masana'antu.