Mene ne tsari na sojan doki? Tarihi na Cavalry na Rasha

A baya sun kasance dakarun, suna wucewa ta hanyar sojojin kafa, kamar wuka ta wurin mai. Duk wani doki na sojan doki ya iya kai farmaki ga dakarun tsaro masu girman kai guda goma, saboda yana da matsala, motsa jiki da kuma damar da za a iya kaiwa hari da sauri. Sojan doki ba kawai za su iya yin yaki ba daga sauran sojojin, zai iya tafiyar da nisa a cikin gajeren lokaci, yana nunawa a baya da kuma a gefen abokan gaba. Rundunar sojan doki za ta iya juyawa gaba daya kuma ta rabu da shi bisa ga halin da ake ciki, sauya irin wannan mataki zuwa wani, wato, sojoji sun iya yin yaki da ƙafa da doki. An warware matsalolin da aka yi a dukan nau'o'in yanayin rikici - duka dabara, aiki da kuma dabarun.

Ƙididdigar sojan doki

Kamar dai a cikin rukunin Rasha, akwai kungiyoyi uku. Rundunar sojan doki (hussars da lancers, kuma daga 1867 Cossacks ya shiga tare da su) an yi nufi ne don bincike da hidima. Langaren ya wakilci raguna - da farko an kira su dodon, lokacin da aka dasa doki a kan dawakai. Daga bisani, shi ne ainihin tsarin dakarun sojan doki, wanda kuma zai iya aiki a kafa. An daukaka daukaka ta musamman na gwano a ƙarƙashin Bitrus mai Girma. Ƙungiya ta uku na doki-doki - wanda ba daidai ba ne (a cikin fassarar - ba daidai ba) da kuma nauyi - sun hada da Cossacks da Kalmyks, da magoya bayan kaya, wadanda suka kasance masu jagorancin hare-hare.

A wasu ƙasashe, dakarun doki sun rarrabe a hanya mafi sauki: haske, matsakaici da nauyi, wanda ya dogara da nauyin doki. Likitoci sun haɗu da makamai masu linzami, lancers, hussars (doki na auna har zuwa kilo biyar), matsakaici - dodanni (har zuwa ɗari shida), kaya, mahaukagiyoyi, grenadiers, carabinieri, cuirassiers (doki na auna fiye da kilo takwas a farkon farkon shekarun). Kwanan baya na sojojin Rasha na dogon lokaci an dauke su dakarun sojan kasa, amma sun shiga cikin rundunar sojojin Rasha, suna dauka a kusa da dakin doki. Cossack ne ya zama babban abin tsoro ga abokan gaba a yaƙe-yaƙe na karni na sha tara. An rarraba dakarun dasu zuwa haɗin kai bisa ga bukatun gudanarwa da aikin da aka ba su. Wannan wani tsari ne, na dabara, gaba da sojan doki.

Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus ya san mayakan sojoji biyu - mahayan doki da sojan doki, amma yana tare da taimakon da aka yi da yakin da aka samu, aikin injiniya da kuma aikin sufuri, an rufe baya, kodayake magungunan ya kasance babban wurin. Ana amfani da doki don kawo sojoji zuwa wannan yanki. Wannan ya faru har zuwa karni na sha ɗaya. Daga baya, jariri na dan lokaci a kan cin nasara da aka yi daidai da masu haya, to sai sojojin doki suka fara mamaye. Watakila, shi ke nan lokacin da aka fara farawa dakarun sojan doki. Gudun dawwama a cikin yakin da mutanen da suka fara aiki sun koya wa shugabannin Kiev da yawa, kuma nan da nan 'yan Russia suka zama masu haɗari ba mafi muni ba: tsararru, tsarawa, hadin kai, jaruntaka.

Sa'an nan kuma manyan nasarar da sojojin Rasha suka fara. Don haka, a cikin 1242 dakarun sojan suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ragargaza Teutonic Order (yakin Ice). Sa'an nan kuma akwai Kulikovo yaki, inda jiragen ajiye ajiye dakarun soji na Dmitry Donskoy yanke shawara da sakamakon da yaki tare da sojojin horde. Tatar-Mongols suna da damuwa, dawakai masu haske, da kyau sosai shirya (toms, dubban, daruruwan da goma), da kyau da mallaka baka, da kuma baicin, mashi, wani saber, wani gatari da kuma kulob din. Farkon ya kasance wani ɓangare na Persian ko Parthian - shigar da sojan doki mai haske a cikin kusurwa da baya, sannan kuma a kan karar da aka yi daga Mongolian masu dauke da bakuna, kuma daga bisani ya kai hari da karfi da aka yi da manyan sojan doki. Dabarar ta tabbatar da kusan wanda ba zai iya rinjaye shi ba. Duk da haka a karni na goma sha biyar, dakarun sojin Rasha sun riga sun kafa don su iya tsayayya da ita.

Makamai

Karnin karni na sha shida ya kawo makamai masu dauke da bindigogi masu dauke da bindigogi, wanda ya canza hanyoyin da za a gudanar da yaki, da kuma hanyoyi don yin amfani da shi a cikin gwagwarmaya. A baya can, wani rukunin sojan doki na musamman ya kai hari ga abokan gaba da makamai masu guba, yanzu an shirya harbi daga cikin doki. Tsarin tsarin mulki yana da zurfi, har zuwa goma sha biyar ko fiye da darajõji, wanda aka gabatar da shi daga tsari na yaƙi a jere na farko.

A wancan lokacin, a karni na sha shida, wadannan dodonai da cuirassiers sun bayyana. Sojan Sojan Sweden na karni na goma sha bakwai sun ƙunshi duka. A gundumar, Sarki Gustavus Adolf ya gina mahayan doki a cikin jinsunan biyu, wanda ya ba sojojin dakaru babbar iko, wanda ba kawai zai iya kai hare-haren ba, har ma yana da karfin hali. Daga nan ne sojoji suka ƙunshi 'yan wasa da sojan doki. A karni na goma sha bakwai karusar sojan sama sun kai fiye da hamsin hamsin na sojojin a kasashe da dama, kuma a cikin faransan Faransa an sami sau 1.5.

Muna da

A cikin Rasha a cikin wadannan ƙarni, sojan doki sun riga sun rarraba cikin matsakaici, matsakaici da haske, amma tun da farko, a karni na goma sha biyar, an kirkiro jama'a da dawakai, kuma cigabanta ya bambanta horar da dakarun Rasha da yammacin Turai. Wannan tsarin manzani ya kara da sojojin Runduna tare da dakaru masu yawa masu yawa. Riga a karkashin Ivan da Munin, ta zama shugaba a da isar da sojojin, lambobi da tamanin dubu mutane, kuma a cikin Livonian War ba Cossack sojan doki rajimanti.

Abin da ke cikin rukunin sojan Rasha ya canza. A karkashin Bitrus Mai Girma, an kafa rundunar soja a yau, inda dakarun sojan sama suka samo fuka-fuka arba'in - arba'in arba'in. A lokacin ne aka ba da maharan zuwa bindigogi. Northern War sanar da sojojin doki don yi aiki da kansu, kuma a cikin Battle of Poltava sojan doki Menshikov yi sosai resourcefully, da kuma a kan kafar. Sa'an nan kuma sakamakon karshe na yaki shi ne rukunin sojan doki, wanda ya hada da Kalmyks da Cossacks.

Yarjejeniya

An haife al'adun Petrovsky a shekara ta 1755 ta Sarauniya Elizabeth: an kafa Kwamitin Cavalry da aiwatarwa, yana inganta ingantaccen amfani da sojan doki a yaki. Tuni a shekara ta 1756 sojojin Rasha sun mallaki Rundunar Sojojin Tsaro, 'yan bindigar shida da' yan majalisa shida, goma sha takwas gwargwadon tsirrai da kwanciyar hankali guda biyu. A cikin doki-daki na yau da kullum basu da sauran Kalmyks da Cossacks.

Rasha sojojin doki da aka horar da su muni, kuma a lokuta da dama fiye kowane Turai, wanda aka tabbatar da shekaru bakwai 'War. A karni na sha takwas, adadin dakarun doki sun kara karuwa, kuma a cikin karni na tara, lokacin da rundunonin sojoji masu yawa suka fito, sai dakarun sojan sun rarrabu a cikin sojojin da kuma dabarun. An yi amfani da wannan makamai ne don yaki da kuma kai tsaye tare da wasu bangarori na dakarun, kuma dakarun sun shigo daga filin jirgin sama zuwa dukkanin tsarin mulki a cikin tsarin bashi da ake bukata don karewa, sadarwa da bincike.

Shekaru na sha tara

Napoleon yana da mahayan sojan doki huɗu - mahayan dawakai dubu arba'in. Sojojin Rasha sun mallaki kayan aikin sojan doki da sittin da biyar, ciki har da masu tsaron gida biyar, 'yan kwalliya takwas, talatin da shida dakiyoyi, goma sha ɗaya da hutu guda biyar, wato, ƙungiyoyi goma sha ɗaya, ƙungiyoyi biyar da sauran gawawwakin sojan doki. Yaƙin farar hula na Rasha sun kasance a kan doki, kuma a cikin raunin sojojin Napoleon sun taka muhimmiyar rawa. A karni na biyu na karni karfin wutar lantarki ya karu sau da yawa, sabili da haka dakarun doki suna fama da babbar hasara. Sa'an nan kuma ya zama wajibi ne a kira shi.

Yakin basasa a Amurka, duk da haka, ya nuna nasarar wannan rukuni. A hakika, idan horarwar horarwa da kwamandojin sun dace. Rikicin da ake yi a baya da kuma sadarwa ya kasance mai zurfi sosai, duk da cewa gashin da ke dauke da magunguna ba su da bindigar kawai, amma har ma sun bindige su. A wannan lokacin, yawancin jama'ar Amirka ba su yi amfani da karfe mai sanyi ba. A cikin Amurka, tarihin sojojin suna cike da girmamawa sosai. Saboda haka, 2 sojan doki rajimanti (Dragoons, 2nd sojan doki rajimanti) da aka kafa a 1836, kuma a hankali, ba tare da canza sunan, ya zama na farko kananan, sa'an nan da mechanized dakaru. Yanzu an samo shi a Turai, wani ɓangare na dakarun Amurka.

Yakin duniya na farko

A karni na ashirin, ko da a farkon, sojan doki sun kai kimanin kashi goma cikin 100 na sojojin, tare da taimakon dabarar da aka yi da kuma aiki. Duk da haka, ƙara yawan rundunonin sojoji da bindigogi, bindigogi da jiragen sama, raƙuman sojan doki sun dauki asarar da yawa, sabili da haka sun zama marasa amfani a cikin fada. Alal misali, basirar fasaha wanda ba a rigaya ya nuna ba, ta hanyar umurnin Jamus, ta aiwatar da nasarar Sventsyan lokacin da aka yi amfani da raga na sojan doki shida. Amma wannan, watakila, shine kawai alamar misali na wannan shirin.

Rundunar Sojan Rasha na yakin duniya na farko ya kasance yankuna talatin da shida, dakaru dubu biyu da dubu biyu da aka horar da su-amma nasarar da aka samu ba ta da muhimmanci sosai har ma a farkon yakin, kuma lokacin da matsayi ya zo kuma motsa jiki ya ƙare, yakin basasa ya kare. Dukan mayaƙan doki sun rushe kuma sun shiga cikin ramuka. Yanayin da aka canja a cikin wannan yanayin ba ya koyar da wani umurni na Rasha: ba tare da la'akari da mahimman bayanai ba, sai ya aika da sojan doki tare da dukan tsayin daka na gaba kuma ya yi amfani da mayakan masu kwarewa sosai kamar yadda suke bayarwa. An koyar da koyarwar don kai hare-haren da aka rufe a cikin sirri, kuma ba a yi amfani da ayyukan da ba a yi ba. Bayan yakin, sojojin kasashen yammacin sun kasance masu motsa jiki da kuma motsa jiki, dakarun doki sun ƙare ko rage su, kamar a Faransa, Italiya, Birtaniya da sauransu. Sai kawai a Poland akwai 'yan karusar sojan doki goma sha ɗaya.

"Mu ne Red sojan doki ..."

Formation na Soviet sojojin doki ya fara da halittar Red Army, wanda aka quite wuya a yi a shekarar 1918. Na farko, dukan yankunan da ke ba wa sojojin Rundunar Sojan Rasha da dawakai da mahayanta, sun ha] a hannu da magoya bayan kasashen waje da masu fafutuka. Ƙwararrun kwamandojin bai isa ba. Bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na farko, kawai sojoji uku na sojan doki na rundunar sojojin soviet sun shiga cikin sojan Soviet. Tare da makamai da kayan aiki, ma, ya kasance mummunar. Saboda haka, saboda haka, tsarin farko na sojan doki na sabon tsarin bai bayyana ba. Da farko dai an saka daruruwan daruruwan mutane ne kawai, 'yan kwalliya,' yan wasa.

Alal misali, B. Dumenko ya kirkiro wani yanki a cikin bazara a shekara ta 1918, kuma a cikin kaka ya riga ya zama Brigade na farko na Don Cavalry, sa'an nan kuma - a Tsaritsyn Front - ƙungiyar sojan doki mai ƙarfi. A shekarar 1919, an kafa sababbin gawawwakin sojan doki biyu a kan sojojin Denikin. Rundunar sojan doki mai ƙarfi ne mai karfi, ba tare da 'yancin kai ba a cikin ayyukan aiki, amma kuma ya nuna kanta a cikin hulɗa da wasu mahadi. A watan Nuwamba, 1919, da ya halitta da farko sojojin doki Army, a watan Yuli 1920 - biyu. Ƙungiyoyi da kuma shirye-shirye na Red Cavalry ta doke duka: Denikin, Kolchak, Wrangel, da kuma sojojin Poland.

Cavalry har abada

Bayan yakin basasa, sojan doki sun dade suna da yawa a cikin rundunar sojojin Red Army. Rukunin ya kasance muhimmi (jiki da rabuwa) da kuma soja (raka'a a cikin rukunin bindiga). Har ila yau, daga shekarun 1920, sojojin kasar sun kasance a cikin Red Army - al'ada Cossacks (koda yake an dakatar da su a 1936), dakarun da ke Arewacin Caucasus. A hanyar, bayan yanke shawara na Kwamitin Tsaro na Jama'a a 1936, raƙuman sojan doki sun zama Cossack kawai. Duk da bambancin bayani, wanda ke faruwa a ko'ina daga perestroika, babu buƙatar mayar da gaskiyar gaskiya ga kasar Soviets kafin War War Patriotic: takardun sun ce babu "Bodon", da sojan doki da 1937 An rage ta fiye da sau biyu, to, - ta 1940, ya ɓace har ma da sauri.

Duk da haka, hanyoyi suna ko'ina, kuma ba shi da iyaka. Zhukov akai-akai a farkon makonni na yakin ya nuna cewa dakarun sojan doki ba su damu ba. Kuma an gyara wannan daga baya. A lokacin rani kuma musamman ma a cikin hunturu na shekarar 1941 tsarin mulkin doki na yakin duniya na biyu ya zama dole ne a ko'ina. A karkashin Smolensk a lokacin rani, hare-haren ya jagoranci ragamar yankuna biyar, taimakon da sauran sojojinmu ba kawai ba ne kawai, ba za a iya karuwa ba. Bayan haka kuma, a karkashin Yelnya, a cikin rikice-rikice, dakarun sojan doki sun kame tsarin fascist, kuma shine dalilin da ya sa aka samu nasara. A watan Disambar 1941, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙungiyoyi karkashin Moscow sun kasance dakarun sojan doki. Kuma a cikin 1943 kusan kusan ɗari biyu da hamsin sojan doki sun yi yaki a cikin kashi ashirin da shida (a 1940 akwai 13 kawai, kuma duk tare da karami lamba). Don Cossack Corps ya bar Vienna. Kuban - Prague.

11 rarrabe rukunin sojan doki

Idan ba tare da shi ba, fina-finai da aka fi so mu ba su bayyana ba. Wannan haɗin, kamar sauran mutane, na Ƙasar Sojan ƙasar ne, amma an yi amfani dasu don yin fim din. 11 raba kwamandojin doki - 55605 adadin sojan sojan, wanda aka kafa a 1962. Mai gabatarwa shi ne darekta Sergei Bondarchuk. Na farko shine mai ban mamaki, ba tare da taimakon wannan tsarin ba zai faru ba, shahararrun shahararren fim din "War and Peace". Shi ne a cikin wannan rajimanti sun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Andrey Rostotsky kuma Sergei Zhigunov. Abin da ke cikin "cine" soja har zuwa 90s ya biya ta Mosfilm, sa'an nan kuma, ta halitta, ba zai iya ci gaba da shi.

Yawan maharan sun rage sau goma, akwai fiye da mutum ɗari huɗu, kuma dawakai ba su da rabi da rabi. Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Ma'aikatar Tsaro na Rasha sun amince da su kula da tsarin mulki a cikin wannan abun. Amma dukkan wannan tambayar da aka raba shi duka yana da matukar damuwa. Sai kawai rokon da Nikita Mikhalkov ya yi wa shugaban ya taimaka wajen ajiye jirgin 11 na Sojan Cavalry. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen yin fim "Barber of Siberia". A shekara ta 2002, wannan ba shine shugaban kasa na cavalry ba, amma ya kasance mai shiga cikin shugabancin shugaban kasa. Dole ne a tuna da cewa an haifi mahaifiyar fim din tare da taimakonsa! Prince Igor, White Sun daga cikin Maraice, Waterloo, Poor Hussar, Gudun, Yaƙin Moscow, Na farko Raki, Baftisma, Black Arrow, Peter Mai girma. "