Mene ne radon? Ƙungiyar ta 18th ta tsarin zamani na kayan sunadarai DI Mendeleyev

Dangane da ci gaba da bunkasa kimiyya da fasaha, kwararru sun nuna damuwa game da rashin farfaganda na tsaftacewar tsabtace jikin mutane. Masana sunyi tsammanin cewa a cikin shekaru goma na gaba "jahilcin rediyo" zai iya haifar da barazanar tsaro ga jama'a da duniya.

Mai Sukar Gani

A karni na XVth, masana kimiyyar likita na Turai sun kaddamar da mummunar mutuwa daga cututtukan huhu a tsakanin ma'aikata a cikin ma'adinai da suka samar da baƙin ƙarfe, polymetals da azurfa. Kwayar cututtukan da aka kira "cuta ta dutse," sun fi saurin hamsin sau da yawa fiye da mazauna mazauna. Sai kawai a farkon karni na 20, bayan ganowar radon, an gane shi ne dalilin yasa cigaban ciwon huhu na mahaifa a Jamus da Czech Republic.

Mene ne radon? Shin kawai tasiri ne akan jikin mutum? Don amsa waɗannan tambayoyin, ya kamata mutum ya tuna da tarihin binciken da kuma binciken wannan mahimman abu.

Emanation - na nufin "gudana"

An gano mai binciken radon shine mai ilimin likitancin Ingila E. Rutherford. Shi ne wanda, a shekara ta 1899, ya lura cewa shirye-shiryen thorium, baya ga nauyin α-particles mai nauyi, yana fitar da iskar gas mai ban sha'awa, wanda zai haifar da karuwa a matakin rediyo a cikin yanayin. Mai binciken ya kira abin da ake zargin abu ne na thorium (daga emanation (lat.) - ƙarewa) kuma ya sanya shi sakon wasika Em. Haka kuma ana samun irin wannan misalin a cikin shirye-shiryen radium. A cikin akwati na farko, ana kiran gas din mai suna thoron, a na biyu - radon.

Bayan haka ya yiwu a tabbatar da gas cewa radionuclides ne na sabon abu. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da wani ɗan littafin likitancin Scotland, wani lalatin Nobel (1904), William Ramsay (tare da Whitlow Gray), ya yi nasarar yin gyare-gyare a cikin tsabta a 1908. Shekaru biyar bayan rabi, sunan Radon da sunan Rn da aka kwatanta a karshe.

Mene ne radon?

A cikin tsarin zamani na abubuwa masu sinadaran DI Mendeleev radon yana cikin ƙungiyar 18th. Yana da lambar atomatik z = 86.

Duk isotopes na yanzu na radon (fiye da 35, tare da lambobin lambobi daga 195 zuwa 230) suna radiyo ne kuma suna wakiltar wani hatsari ga mutane. A yanayi, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan mahaifa. Dukansu sune wani ɓangare na jerin shirye-shiryen rediyo na rayayye, thorium da uranium-radium. Wasu isotopes suna da sunayensu kuma, bisa ga al'adar tarihi da aka kafa, an kira su emanations:

• actinium - actinon ²¹⁹ rn;
• thorium - ²²⁰ thoron rn;
• radium - Radon ²²² RN.

Wannan karshen shi ne mafi karko. A rabin-rai na Radon ²²² RN - 91,2 hours (3.82 kwanaki). Ƙididdigar ƙwayar sauran isotopes an ƙidaya shi a cikin seconds da milliseconds. A lokacin da lalata tare da watsar da ƙwayoyin α, an samo asotopes na asali. A hanyar, shi ne a lokacin nazarin radon cewa masana kimiyya sun fara fuskantar nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i daya, wanda daga bisani aka kira isotopes (daga Girkanci "daidai", "m").

Abubuwa na jiki da hade

A karkashin yanayi na al'ada, radon shine gas ba tare da launi da wari ba, wanda za'a iya ƙayyadewa ta hanyar na'urori na musamman. Nau'in yana da 9.81 g / l. Ita ce mafi girma (iska tana da sau 7.5), mafi kyawun kuma mafi tsada na dukkanin sanannun gas a duniya.

Ana iya narkewa a cikin ruwa (460 ml / l), amma a cikin kwayoyin halitta radon solubility wani tsari ne mai girma. Yana da tasirin fure-fuka, wanda ya haifar da high radioactivity. Domin yanayin ruwa da ruwa (a zazzabi a ƙasa -62 ° C) akwai haske mai haske, don crystalline (ƙasa -71 ° C) - rawaya ko orange-ja.

Halin halayen sunadarai na radon shi ne saboda kasancewarsa ga rukuni na gases. An halayyar halayen hade da hadewar oxygen, furotin da wasu halogens.

A gefe guda kuma, ainihin mahimmanci na kashi shine tushen matakan makamashi masu ƙarfi wanda ke shafar abubuwa da yawa. Sakamakon radon zai haifar da gilashin da gilashi, ya sauko da ruwa zuwa oxygen, hydrogen da ozone, ya lalata paraffin da petrolatum, da dai sauransu.

Samun radon

Don raba isotopes radon, ya isa ya wuce jigon iska akan wani abu dake dauke da nau'in nau'i a cikin nau'i daya ko wani. Rashin gas a cikin jet zai dogara da abubuwa da yawa (zafi, zazzabi), a kan tsarin tsarin tsari na jiki, da abin da yake da shi, haɓaka, homogeneity kuma zai iya kasancewa daga ƙananan raunuka zuwa 100%. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da maganin bromide ko gloride radium a hydrochloric acid. Ana amfani da abubuwa masu laushi masu yawa fiye da sau da yawa, ko da yake radon ya fi tsabta.

An shafe ruwan da ake samu a gas din daga ruwa, oxygen da hydrogen vafu, ta hanyar wucewa ta hanyar grid. A saura (1/25000 na asali girma) da aka takaice ruwa iska da kuma impurities suna cire daga condensate nitrogen, helium, da kuma daraja gas.

Don rikodin: a duk faɗin duniya kawai 'yan kalilan centimeters na sinadarin sinadarin radon suna samarwa a kowace shekara.

Rarraba cikin yanayi

Radium nuclei, wanda samfurin shine radon, an tsara shi a lokacin lalata uranium. Saboda haka, babban tushen radon shine kasa da ma'adanai dauke da uranium da thorium. Mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da ke cikin magmasiya, ƙananan ƙwayoyi, duwatsu masu sutura, da schists masu launin duhu. Gas radon, saboda rashin ingancinta, sauƙi ya bar kasusuwan ma'adanai mai mahimmanci, kuma, ta hanyar ɓoyewa da ɓoye a cikin ɓawon ƙasa, sauƙin yadawa a nesa, ya shiga cikin yanayi.

Bugu da ƙari, ruwa mai zurfi tsakanin ruwa, wanke irin waɗannan duwatsu, suna da sauƙin cika da radon. Ramin ruwa da takamaiman kayan aikinsa sunyi amfani da shi tun kafin ganowar da kanta.

Aboki ko maƙiyi?

Duk da dubban kimiyya da mashahuran kimiyya da aka rubuta game da wannan gashin rediyo, wanda zai iya amsa tambayoyin: "Mene ne radon kuma menene muhimmancin dan Adam?" Yana da wuya. Kafin masu bincike na zamani akwai, akalla, matsaloli biyu. Na farko shi ne cewa, a cikin yanayin radon radiation wanda yake nunawa ga kwayoyin rayuwa, abu ne mai cutarwa da amfani. Na biyu - in ba shi da hanyar dogara da rajista da saka idanu. Hanyoyin da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi, har ma da mafi yawan zamani da masu tunani, na iya haifar da sakamakon da sau da yawa daban lokacin da aka maimaita ma'aunin.

Yi hankali, radon!

Babban kashi na radiation (fiye da 70%) a cikin tsarin rayuwa shine saboda radionuclides na halitta, daga cikinsu akwai manyan matsayi na gas mai haske. Dangane da yanayin wuri na gidan zama, "gudunmawar" zai iya zama daga 30 zuwa 60%. Adadin yawan isotopes marasa ƙarfi na mummunar haɗari a cikin yanayi ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar ci gaba da ci daga duwatsu. Radon yana da dukiya mara kyau don tarawa a cikin gida da kuma wuraren jama'a, inda zancensa zai iya ƙara yawan dubbai. Domin mutum kiwon lafiya hadari ne ba sosai da rediyoaktif gas kamar yadda amsawa isotopes na polonium Po ²¹⁴ da Po ^218, sakamakon daga rarrabuwa. Suna riƙe da jiki a cikin jiki, suna da mummunan tasiri game da α-radiation na ciki a kan rayuwa mai rai.

Baya ga hare-haren asthmatic na lalacewa da rashin tausayi, damuwa da ƙaura, yana fama da ciwon ciwon huhu na huhu. Ƙungiyar haɗari sun haɗa da ma'aikata na uranium da kuma shuke-shuke, masu tsinkayen wuta, masu kwantar da hankular radon, masu yawan yankunan da ba su da kyau tare da babban abun da ke samarda radon a cikin ƙurar ƙasa da na ruwaye, gidajen radon. Don gano irin waɗannan yankunan, ana amfani da taswirar radon haɗari, yin amfani da hanyoyin ilimin geological da radiation-hygienic.

Ga bayanin kula: an yi imanin cewa yaduwar cutar ne tare da radon wanda ya haifar da mutuwar cutar kuturtar huhu a 1916, masanin Scotland mai binciken wannan, William Ramsay.

Hanyar kariya

A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce, bin misalin maƙwabtan yammaci, matakan da suka dace da radon radon sun fara yada a ƙasashen tsohon CIS. Akwai takardu na al'ada (SanPin 2.6.1., SP 2.6.1.) Tare da cikakkun bayanai don tabbatar da kare lafiyar jama'a.

Matakan da suka dace don kare kariya daga gasadarai da magungunan launi na halitta sun haɗa da:

• Shirye-shiryen a ƙasa ƙasa na katako na katako na dutse mai sassauki tare da dutse da aka yi da dutse da abin dogara.
• Samar da karuwar samun karfin gine-ginen da ginin gine-ginen, iska na gine-gine na zama.
• Ana shigar da ruwa a cikin dakunan dakunan wanka da dakunan wanka, kuma dole ne a gyara kayan da kansu da na'urorin haɗari.

Radiomedicine

Mene ne radon, kakanninmu ba su san ba, har ma da mahayan dawakai na Genghis Khan ya warkar da raunuka tare da ruwaye na asalin Belokurikha (Altai), wanda aka cika da wannan iskar gas. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin kwayoyin micro doson radon yana da sakamako mai tasiri a jikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma tsakiyar tsarin jin dadi. Halin tasirin radon yana kara hanzarta tafiyar matakai, sakamakon abin da aka lalata kyallen takarda da sauri, aiki na zuciya da tsarin tsabtace jiki yana da kyau, an ƙarfafa ganuwar tasoshin.

Rukunin wuraren tsaunuka na Caucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czechia (Jáchymov, Karlovy Vary), Jamus (Baden-Baden), Japan (Misasa) sun dade suna da daraja da kuma sanannun. Magungunan zamani, ban da radon wanka, yana bada magani a hanyar irri na ruwa, inhalation ƙarƙashin kulawa na kwararrun likita.

A sabis na 'yan adam

Ba'a iyakance tasirin gas din radon zuwa magani ba kadai. Ana iya amfani da isotopes zuwa kasuwa don tallafawa ta hanyar amfani da kayan kimiyya don auna ma'auni na bambancin nau'ikan karfe da kayan ado. A cikin samar da karfe da gilashi, sabis na radon don sarrafa tsarin tafiyar da fasaha. Tare da taimako, duba gas masks da kuma kariya kariya yana nufin na leaks.

A cikin geophysics da geology, hanyoyi da dama da ke nema da kuma gano adadin ma'adanai da magungunan rediyo suna dogara ne akan aikace-aikace na daukar hoto. Ta ƙaddamar da isassopes na radon a cikin ƙasa, yana yiwuwa a yi hukunci da gas da kuma yawancin tsarin dutsen. Kulawa da halin da ake ciki na radon yana da alamar kariya a cikin sharuddan tsinkayar girgizar asa mai zuwa.

Ya cigaba da kasancewa fatan cewa tare da mummunar tasirin radon bil'adama har yanzu za a iya jimrewa kuma abin da ke cikin rediyo zai kawo amfana ga yawan mutanen duniya.