Ƙarfin tsari. Ƙarfi - da dabara (ilimin lissafi)

Kalmar nan "iko" yana da matukar mahimmanci don ba shi cikakkiyar ra'ayi shine aikin da ba zai yiwu ba. Bambanci daga ƙarfin tsokoki zuwa ikon tunanin baya rufe dukkanin zane-zane a ciki. Ƙarfin da aka ɗauka a matsayin nau'i na jiki yana da ma'ana da ma'anar a fili. Ƙarfin maƙalari ya bayyana tsarin ilmin lissafi: dogara ga karfi a kan sigogi na asali.

Tarihin karfi bincike ya hada da ma'anar dogara akan sigogi da gwajin gwaji na dogara.

Ƙarfi a cikin ilimin lissafi

A ƙarfi - mudu na da hulda da jikin. Ayyukan juna na juna akan juna ya bayyana cikakkun matakai game da sauyawa a cikin sauri ko gurguwar jiki.

A matsayin nau'i na jiki, ƙarfin yana da nau'i na auna (a cikin tsarin SI - Newton) kuma na'urar don auna shi ne ƙarfin ƙarfin. Ka'idar silomita ta dogara ne akan kwatanta ƙarfin da ke aiki a jiki, tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙarfi.

Don karfi a cikin sabon sabon ƙarfin da aka karbe, a karkashin aikin wanda jiki da nau'in kilo 1 ya canza canjinsa ta 1 m a cikin 1.

Ƙarfin azaman kayan ƙwallon ƙaƙaɗan yana ƙaddara ta:

• Jagoran mataki;
• Dalilin aikace-aikace;
• Module, cikakken darajar.

Dangane da hulɗar, dole ne ka saka wadannan sigogi.

Hanyoyin hulɗar halitta: gravitational, electromagnetic, karfi, rauni. Gravitational karfi (da karfi na nauyi tare da iri-iri - da karfi na nauyi) wanzu saboda rinjayar gravitational filayen kewaye wani jiki da ciwon tari. Ba a kammala aikin binciken matakan nauyi ba har yanzu. Ba'a yiwu ba ne don samun maɓallin filin.

Mafi yawan runduna suna tasowa saboda haɗin gwargwadon electromagnetic, wanda abu ya ƙunshi.

Ƙarfin matsa lamba

Lokacin da jiki yayi hulɗa tare da Duniya, yana yin motsi akan farfajiya. Ƙarfin matsa lamba, wanda tsarinsa yana da nau'i: P = MG, an ƙayyade ta jiki na jiki (m). Saurin faduwar bashi (g) yana da dabi'u daban-daban a wurare daban-daban na duniya.

Ƙarfin motsi na tsaye yana daidaita a ma'auni da kuma ƙyama a cikin shugabanci zuwa karfi mai karfi wanda ya tashi a cikin goyan baya. Maganin karfi a wannan yanayin ya bambanta dangane da motsin jiki.

Canji a jikin nauyin jiki

Ayyukan jiki a kan goyon baya saboda hulɗa da Duniya ana kiran su nauyin jiki. Abin sha'awa, yawan nauyi na jiki ya dogara da hanzarta motsi a cikin shugabanci na tsaye. A cikin yanayin lokacin da jagorancin hanzari ya saba da saurin faduwar faduwar, an ƙara karuwa a nauyi. Idan hanzarin jiki ya dace daidai da jagorancin ɓataccen lalacewa, to, jiki yana ragewa. Alal misali, yayin da yake hawa mai hawa, a farkon hawan mutum yana jin nauyin kima na dan lokaci. Ba dole ba ne a ce cewa taro yana canzawa. A lokaci guda muna raba ra'ayoyin "nauyin jiki" da kuma "taro".

Ƙarfin elasticity

Lokacin da siffar jikin (gurguwar) ya sauya, wani karfi ya bayyana, wanda ya sa ya sake dawo da jikin zuwa ainihin asali. Wannan karfi an ba da sunan "ƙarfin elasticity". Yana taso ne saboda hulɗar wutar lantarki na barbashi, wanda jiki ya ƙunshi.

Ka yi la'akari da lalacewa mafi sauki: shimfiɗawa da ƙuntatawa. Zanewa yana tare da karuwa a cikin jigon girma na jikin, kuma matsawa yana tare da ragu. Girman da ke tattare da wadannan matakai an kira shi ne daga jiki. Saka shi ta "x". Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwayar maƙalari yana da alaka da haɗakarwa. Kowane jiki da ke fama da lalacewar yana da nasarorin sifa da na jiki. Tsarin dogara da jigilar lalacewa ta jiki akan kayan jiki da kayan abin da aka yi shi ne ƙayyadadden nauyin haɓaka, bari mu kira shi rigidity (k).

Hanyoyin ilmin lissafi na hulɗa mai ma'ana ya bayyana ta dokar Hooke.

Ƙarfin da ya taso daga lalata jiki yana nufin jagorancin sauyawa na sassa daban-daban na jiki, kai tsaye kai tsaye ga haɗuwa:

• F _y = -kx (a vector tsarin rubutu).

Alamar "-" ta nuna akasin jagorancin lalata da karfi.

A cikin nau'i mai tsoka, babu alamar kuskure. A resilient karfi, mai dabara wanda yana da wadannan nau'i F _y = kx, an yi amfani ne kawai a lokacin da na roba nakasawa.

Hadin dangantaka da filin filin magda tare da halin yanzu

A sakamakon Magnetic filin a kan wani kai tsaye yanzu ne aka bayyana ta da Ampere dokar. A wannan yanayin, ƙarfin da filin magnetic yayi akan jagora tare da halin yanzu an sanya shi shi ne ƙarfin Ampere.

Halin hulɗar filin iska tare da motsi na lantarki mai motsi yana haifar da bayyanar karfi. Ampere ta dabara wanda yana da siffar F = IBlsinα, ya dogara da Magnetic shigar da filin (B), da aiki kashi tsawon da shugaba (l), yanzu (I) a cikin shugaba da kuma kwana tsakanin halin yanzu shugabanci da kuma Magnetic shigar da.

Saboda dogarawar baya, ana iya tabbatar da cewa matakan filin magnetic zai iya canjawa lokacin da aka juya mai gudanarwa ko kuma shugabancin halin yanzu an canza. Dokar hagu na ba ka damar saita jagorancin aikin. Idan bar hannu sa saboda haka Magnetic shigar da vector kunshe a cikin dabino, hudu yatsunsu aka directed halin yanzu a cikin shugaba, sa'an nan tankwasa ta 90 ^° thumb zai nuna shugabanci na Magnetic filin.

Amfani da wannan tasiri ta mutum ya samo, alal misali, a cikin motar lantarki. Juyawa na rotor yana lalacewa ta hanyar filin magnet da wani mai amfani da lantarki mai iko ya halitta. Maganin tsari yana ba ka damar yin hukunci akan yiwuwar canza ikon wutar lantarki. Tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin halin yanzu ko girman filin, ƙwanƙwasa yana ƙaruwa, wanda zai haifar da karuwa a cikin wutar lantarki.

Jigilar kayan aiki

Ana yin amfani da haɗin filin magnetic tare da cajin a cikin jigon harshe a cikin nazarin ƙananan matakan.

Ayyukan filin a wannan yanayin yana haifar da bayyanar wani karfi da ake kira karfi Lorentz. Lokacin da allura a cikin Magnetic filin motsi da wasu gudu na cajin barbashi Lorentz karfi, mai dabara wanda yana da siffar F = vBqsinα, Yanã motsi na barbashi tare da karkara.

A cikin wannan tsarin ilmin lissafi, v shine matakan gaggawa na wani nau'i wanda adadin lantarki ya q, B shine ƙaddamar da filin magnetic, kuma α shine kusurwa a tsakanin kwatance da sauri da haɓakaccen magnetic.

A barbashi motsi a da'irar (ko wani baka na da'irar), tun da karfi da kuma gudun ake directed a wani kwana na 90 ^° zuwa juna. Canje-canje a cikin jagorancin ƙwayar linzamin yana haifar da bayyanar hanzari.

Hagu mulki, tattauna a sama, yakan faru a cikin binciken na Lorentz karfi, idan ya bar hannu sa saboda haka Magnetic shigar da vector kunshe a cikin dabino, hudu yatsunsu mikawa a wani layi da aka aika zuwa gudun a gaskiya ma caje barbashi, sa'an nan tankwasa ta 90 ^° Babban yatsin zai nuna jagorancin aikin da karfi.

Matsaloli na plasma

Ana amfani da haɗin filin magnetic da kwayoyin amfani a cikin cyclotrons. Matsalolin da ke tattare da bincike-bincike na plasma, kada ku yarda ya dauke shi a cikin tasoshin rufe. Gishiri mai haɗari yana iya zama kawai a yanayin zafi. Don ajiye plasma a wuri guda na sararin samaniya zai yiwu ta hanyar tashoshin magnetic, karkatar da gas a cikin nau'i na zobe. Sarrafawa Thermonuclear halayen za a iya karatu a matsayin high-zazzabi jini kadi igiyar ta wajen Magnetic filayen.

Misali na aikin filin iska a cikin yanayin yanayi a kan gas iskar gas shine Hasken Lafiya. Wannan kallo mai girma ana kallon bayan Arctic Circle a tsawon kilomita 100 a duniya. Ƙwararra mai haske na gas za a iya bayyana a cikin karni na ashirin kawai. Yanayin filin kwakwalwa a kusa da kwakoki ba zai iya hana hawan shiga cikin hasken rana a cikin yanayi ba. Mafi raɗaɗɗen radiation, wanda aka tsara tare da layin jigilar iska, yana haifar da ionization daga yanayin.

Abin mamaki wanda ya haɗa da motsi na cajin

A tarihi, babban darajar da ke nuna halin yanzu a cikin mai jagora ana kira ƙarfi a yanzu. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wannan ra'ayi ba shi da wani abu da karfi a kimiyyar lissafi. Ƙarshen ƙarfin yanzu, ƙari da ya haɗa da cajin da ke gudana a lokaci ɗaya ta hanyar ɓangaren ɓangaren mai gudanarwa, kamar:

• I = q / t, inda t shine lokacin cajin q.

A gaskiya ma, ƙarfin yanzu shine girman cajin. Naúrar ta auna shi ne Ampere (A), da bambanta da N.

Tabbatar da aiki na karfi

Ayyukan karfi a kan abu shine tare da aikin aikin. Ayyukan karfi shi ne nau'i na jiki wanda yake daidai da samfurin ƙarfin don motsi wanda ya wuce ta wurin aikinsa, da kuma kwakwalwa na kusurwa a tsakanin kwatance da karfi da matsi.

Ayyukan da ake buƙata na karfi, wanda samfurin yana da nau'i A = FScosa, ya haɗa da girman ƙarfin.

Ayyukan jiki yana tare da sauyawa a saurin jiki ko gurɓatawa, wanda ke nuna canje-canje guda ɗaya a cikin makamashi. Ayyukan karfi kai tsaye ya dogara da girman.