Mene ne carbon monoxide? kwayoyin tsarin

carbon monoxide, kuma aka sani da carbon monoxide, yana da matukar karfi kwayoyin tsarin, shi ne inert da sinadaran Properties kuma shi ne talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa. Wannan fili shi ne ma musamman mai guba a lokacin da sake shiga cikin numfashi tsarin da aka haɗa ta jini haemoglobin, da kuma cewa ceases canja wurin oxygen zuwa tsokoki da kuma gabobin.

Chemical sunan da dabara

Carbon monoxide kuma aka sani da sauran sunayen, ciki har da carbon monoxide II. A rayuwar yau da kullum, shi ne yawanci kira carbon monoxide. Wannan carbon monoxide ne mai guba gas, colorless kuma m, odorless. Its sinadaran dabara - CO, da kuma taro na guda kwayoyin ne 28,01 g / mol.

Gurbin kan jiki

Carbon monoxide ta ɗaure zuwa haemoglobin ta samar da carboxyhemoglobin wanda ba oxygen dauke da iya aiki. Inhalation na tururi ya sa CNS lalacewa (tsakiya m tsarin), da kuma shaƙa. A sakamakon rashin oxygen sa ciwon kai, dizziness, rage zuciya kudi da kuma na numfashi kudi, abu don yin suma da kuma m mutuwa da kwayoyin.

mai guba gas

Carbon monoxide aka samar da m konewa na abubuwa dauke da carbon, kamar a ciki konewa injuna. A fili 1 hada da wani carbon zarra covalently daure su daya oxygen zarra. Carbon monoxide ne sosai guba, kuma shi ne daya daga cikin na kowa Sanadin m guba a duniya. Exposure zai kai ga zuciya da lalacewar da kuma sauran gabobin.

Mene ne amfani da carbon monoxide?

Duk da tsanani yawan guba, carbon monoxide ne musamman amfani - godiya ga zamani da fasaha na shi don ƙirƙirar wani dukan kewayon m kayayyakin. Carbon monoxide ko da yake a yau an dauki wani contaminant ko da yaushe ba a cikin yanayi, amma ba a wani adadin kamar, misali, carbon dioxide.

Kuskure ne waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni da cewa akwai wani dangane da carbon monoxide a yanayi. CO narkar da a zubi volcanic dutse a high matsin lamba a cikin ƙasa ta alkyabba. Da abun ciki na carbon oxides a volcanic gas dabam daga kasa da 0.01% zuwa 2%, dangane da aman wuta. Tun da na halitta wannan fili shi ne ba da wani m darajar, a daidai auna iskar gas watsi ne da ba zai yiwu.

sinadaran Properties

Carbon monoxide (CO dabara) da dangantaka da nesoleobrazuyuschim ko sha'aninsu dabam oxides. Duk da haka, a zazzabi na +200 ^o C shi reacts tare da sodium hydroxide. A wannan tsarin sunadarai ne da samuwar sodium formate:

NaOH + CO = HCOONa (formic acid gishiri).

Properties na carbon monoxide dangane da tsirar. Carbon monoxide:

• za a iya mayar da martani tare da oxygen: 2Kor + O ₂ = 2Kor _2;
• iya maida martani tare da halogens: CO + CL ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene).
• Yana yana da musamman dukiya warke m karafa daga oxides: Fe ₂ Ya ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• ulla karfe carbonyls: Fe + 5CO = Fe (CO ) _5;
• daidai narkewa a chloroform, acetic acid, ethanol, benzene kuma ammonium hydroxide.

A tsarin da kwayoyin

Biyu sunadaran da, a gaskiya, shi ne kwayoyin na carbon monoxide (CO), nasaba sau uku bond. Biyu daga cikinsu an kafa ta tattara abubuwa masu kyau p-electrons na carbon atoms tare da oxygen, da kuma na uku - godiya ga na musamman inji saboda free carbon 2p orbital da 2p-electron nau'i-nau'i daga oxygen. Wannan tsarin samar da wani kwayoyin na high ƙarfi.

A kadan tarihi

Aristotle na zamanin d Girka ya bayyana guba tururi samar da kona kwal. The sosai inji na mutuwa ya unknown. Duk da haka, daya daga cikin zamanin d hanyoyin da azãba ita kulle rikici da dokar a cikin tururi dakin, inda embers sun. A Girkanci likita Galen da shawarar cewa a cikin iska akwai wasu canje-canje da cewa dõmin cũta idan inhaled.

A lokacin yakin duniya na II, da gas cakuda da impurities na carbon monoxide, aka yi amfani da matsayin makãmashin motocin a cikin wadanda sassa na duniya, inda akwai wata iyaka adadin fetur da kuma man gas. waje (tare da wasu ware) janareto gawayi ko itace gas da aka kafa, amma a cakuda yanayi nitrogen, carbon monoxide, da kuma adadi kaɗan na sauran gas kawota zuwa gas mahautsini. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira itace gas.

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide samar a cikin m hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbonaceous mahadi. CO aka kafa a lokacin da kasa oxygen, don samar da carbon dioxide (CO _2), misali, a lokacin aiki da wutar makera ko ciki konewa engine a wani kewaye sarari. Idan oxygen ne ba, kazalika da wasu sauran yanayi taro na carbon monoxide konewa, haskakawa blue haske, forming carbon dioxide, da aka sani da carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide da aka yi amfani da ko'ina har sai shekarun 1960s na karshe karni na ciki lighting wurare, dafa abinci da kuma dumama, ya yi tare da wani ɓangare na man fetur a matsayin mai fifiko bangaren. Wasu matakai a fasahar zamani kamar smelting baƙin ƙarfe har yanzu samar da carbon monoxide matsayin byproduct. A dangane da kanta CO aka oxidized zuwa CO ₂ a dakin da zazzabi.

Shin akwai wani CO a cikin yanayi?

Ko akwai carbon monoxide a cikin yanayi? Daya daga cikin halitta asalin kafofin ne photochemical halayen a cikin troposphere. Wadannan matakai suna zaci su zama iya samar da kimanin 5 × ¹⁰ Disamba kg jamiái E; oday. Daga cikin wasu kafofin, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, suna volcanoes, gandun daji gobara da sauran iri konewa.

kwayoyin Properties

Carbon monoxide yana da wani matauni taro na 28,0, wanda ya sa ya dan kadan kasa m fiye da iska. Bond tsawon tsakanin biyu atoms - 112,8 micrometers. Shi ne kusa isa ya samar da daya daga cikin karfi sinadaran shaidu. Dukansu abubuwa a tare da CO da game da 10 electrons a valence harsashi na daya.

Matsayin mai mulkin, da Organic carbonyl tana gina akwai wani biyu bond. A halayyar alama na CO kwayoyin ne abin da ya auku tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da karfi sau uku bond shared electrons da 6 3 hade kwayoyin orbitals. Tun da hudu daga cikin shared electrons Kwatsam daga wani oxygen zarra da 2 ne kawai daga carbon, daya shagaltar da biyu hade orbital electrons na Yã _2, kafa dipole ko dative bond. Wannan sa C ← Ya rabuwa da kwayoyin da kananan cajin "-" a kan carbon da kuma kananan cajin "+" a kan oxygen.

Sauran biyu Associated orbitals ne shagaltar da wata caje barbashi na carbon da daya oxygen. A kwayoyin ne asymmetric: oxygen yana da mafi electron yawa fiye da carbon da aka ma dan kadan gaskiya ma caje, idan aka kwatanta da wani mummunan carbon.

liyafar

A masana'antu, da samun carbon monoxide CO shi ne da za'ayi ta gasa da carbon dioxide ba tare da samun damar daga iska ko ruwa tururi da kwal:

CO ₂ + C = 2Kor.

H ₂ Ya + C = CO + H _2.

A karshen ana kuma kiransa sakamakon cakuda da aka tururi ko kira gas. Karkashin awon yanayi, carbon monoxide II da biyayya da Organic acid mayar da hankali sulfuric acid, wanda abubuwa a matsayin dehydrating wakili:

HCOOH = CO + H ₂ Ya;

H ₂ C ₂ Ya ₄ = CO ₂ + H ₂ O.

Babban bayyanar cututtuka da kuma taimako da CO guba

Shin carbon monoxide guba? Eh, da kuma karfi sosai. Carbon monoxide guba ne mafi kowa sabon abu a duk faɗin duniya. Mafi na kowa cututtuka su ne:

• a ji rauni.
• tashin zuciya.
• dizziness.
• gajiya.
• irritability.
• matalauta ci.
• ciwon kai.
• disorientation.
• Heart hangen nesa.
• amai.
• rufe da mãgãgi.
• convulsions.

Exposure to wannan mai guba gas iya haifar da gagarumin lalacewa, wanda zai iya haifar da dadewa kullum pathological yanayi. Carbon monoxide ne iya haddasa tsanani lalacewar da tayin da mace mai ciki. Wadanda, misali, bayan wata wuta, ya kamata samar da nan da nan taimako. an gaggawa bukatar kira motar asibiti, ba samun sabo iska, tsabta tufafi hampering numfashi, soothe, dumi. Mai tsananin guba ne yawanci bi kawai a karkashin kulawa da likitoci a asibitin.

aikace-aikace

Carbon monoxide ne, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, shi ne mai guba, kuma m, amma shi ne daya daga cikin muhimman mahadi wanda ake amfani da zamani a masana'antu domin kwayoyin kira. CO ake amfani da su samar da m karafa, carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, methyl barasa, formamide, aromatic aldehydes, formic acid. Wannan abu ne ma amfani da man fetur. Duk da yawan guba da kuma yawan guba, shi ne sau da yawa amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa domin samar da daban-daban abubuwa a cikin sinadaran masana'antu.

Carbon monoxide da carbon dioxide: Mene ne bambanci?

Monoxide da carbon dioxide (CO da CO ₂₎ ne sau da yawa kuskure domin juna. Dukansu gas ne odorless, colorless, kuma duka suna da wani mummunan tasiri a kan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin. Dukansu gas iya shiga jiki ta hanyar inhalation, fata da kuma ido. Wadannan mahadi lokacin da fallasa su rayayyun kwayoyin halitta raba wani yawan cututtuka - ciwon kai, dizziness, convulsions da hallucinations. Mafi yawan mutane da wuya sa bambanci da kuma ba su san cewa mota shaye tururi jefarwa a matsayin CO, da kuma CO _2. Ciki da karuwa a cikin taro na wadannan gas na iya zama m ga mutum lafiya da aminci, batun da tasiri. Mene ne bambanci?

A high yawa na biyu zai iya zama m. Bambanci ta'allaka cewa CO ₂ ne na kowa iskar gas, wajibi ne ga duk shuka da dabbobi rayuwa. CO ba sananne. Wannan by-samfurin oxygen-free konewa. A m sinadaran bambancin da ake cewa CO ₂ yana daya carbon zarra da biyu oxygen zarra, alhãli kuwa kawai Co su daya bayan daya. Carbon dioxide ne maras flammable, yayin da monoxide ne mafi kusantar su kama wuta.

Carbon dioxide da aka halitta samu a cikin yanayi, mutane da dabbobi da numfashi oxygen da kuma exhaled carbon dioxide, Ina nufin wanda yake shi zai iya tsayayya da wani karamin adadin. Wannan gas ne ma ake bukata domin photosynthesis da shuke-shuke. Duk da haka, carbon monoxide ba ya faruwa ta halitta a cikin yanayi, kuma zai iya sa lafiya da matsaloli ko da a low yawa. Dukansu gas yawa ne ma daban-daban. Carbon dioxide shi ne mafi tsananin da mafi m fiye da iska, yayin da carbon monoxide ne kadan sauki. Wannan peculiarity aka ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi a kafa da ya dace masu auna sigina a cikin gidajensu.