Manistanci da kuma malaman Italiya italien Lorenzo Valla: ilimin lissafi, kerawa

Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) dan jaridar Italiya ne, likita, mai gyara, malamin kuma masanin ilimin zamani. Ya ba da shawara ga ra'ayin mutum game da sake fasalin harshen da ilimi. Ilimi mai zurfi a cikin harsunan Latin da Girkanci ya yarda ya gudanar da cikakken nazarin wasu takardu na cocin kuma ya taimaka wajen halakar da labaru da kurakurai kewaye da su. Valla ya nuna cewa "kyautar Constantine", wanda aka nakalto da shi don tallafawa rukuni na wucin gadi, ya kasance maƙarƙashiya.

Saduwa

Ganin cewa Aristotle ya gurbata tunanin da ya hana ci gaban al'ada da aikace-aikacen falsafar, Valla sau da yawa ya kira masu karatun bin koyarwar Aristotle don yin muhawara da muhawara. Babban manufarsa shi ne ƙirƙirar sababbin hanyoyi na tunani na falsafa, ba kafa makarantarsa ko tsarin ba. Maganarsa "A kan Farin Ciki" (1431) ya hada da ra'ayin Epicurean da Kirista wanda yake son sha'awar farin ciki shine wani abu ne na motsa jiki. Valla kuma ya kare imani cewa za a iya haɓaka zaɓin kyauta tare da makomar da Allah ya annabta, amma ya jaddada: wannan ra'ayi ya wuce iyakokin fahimtar mutum ne kuma sabili da haka shine batun bangaskiya, ba kimiyya ba. Yawancin ra'ayoyin malaman falsafanci an biye su daga baya sannan kuma wasu masu tunani na sake gyarawa.

Maganar budewa ta haifar da bayyanar abokan gaba daya; Sau da yawa masanin ilimin falsafa Lorenzo Valla yana cikin hatsari. Koyaswar da yake koyar da shi a cikin Latin ya jawo hankalinsa da kuma lashe shi a cikin Vatican - an lakafta wannan taron "gagarumin rinjaye na 'yan Adam a kan kothodoxy da hadisai."

Rayuwa da aiki

An haifi Lorenzo kusa da 1407 a Roma, Italiya. Mahaifinsa, Luca della Valla, wani lauya ne daga Piacenza. Lorenzo ya a Roma karatu Latin karkashin shiryarwar wani fitaccen malamin - Farfesa Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). Ya kuma halarci koli a Jami'ar Padua. A 1428, masanin kimiyya na gaba ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya na papal, amma ya yi watsi da izininsa saboda matashi. A shekara ta 1429 an miƙa shi don koyar da koyarwar a cikin Padua, sai ya yarda. A shekara ta 1431, an buga rubutun On Pleasure. Bayan ɗan lokaci, an buga aikin, godiya ga aikin Lorenzo Valla ana nazari a jami'o'i, "A kan gaskiya da ƙarya". A 1433 an tilasta shi ya watsi da digiri na farfesa: Valla ta wallafa wata wasika ta bude inda ya nuna rashin amincewa da lauya Bartolo kuma ya yi ba'a da tsarin karatun fikihu.

Saurin lokaci

Valla ya bar Milan, sa'an nan ga Genoa; Ya yi ƙoƙarin samun aiki a Roma kuma a karshe ya tafi Naples, inda ya sami wurin zama marar kyau a kotu na Alfonso V, wanda ya ba da mashahuriyar mashahuran alkalami kuma an san shi saboda ƙaunar da ya wuce. Alfonso ya nada shi sakatare kuma ya kare Lorenzo daga hare-haren abokan gaba da yawa. Alal misali, a cikin 1444 Valla shi ne wanda aka tuhuma a gaban kotun binciken, tun da yake ya nuna ra'ayi a fili cewa rubutu na "Apostolic Creed" ba a rubuce akai-akai ta kowane ɗayan manzannin nan goma sha biyu ba. A ƙarshe, Alfonso ya hana dakatar da kotu kuma ya sami sakatarensa daga bauta.

A 1439, rikici ya bar tsakanin Alfonso da Papacy - matsalar ita ce yankin Naples. Lorenzo Valla ya rubuta wata mujallar, yana jayayya cewa gwamnatin papal ta goyan bayan "kyautar Constantine" a hakika gaskiya ce. A cikin aikinsa, Valla yayi kira ga Romawa zuwa tawaye da shugabanninsu - don kai hari ga shugaban Kirista don su hana wannan ikon, tun da yake shi ne akidar Papacy, a cikin tunaninsa, wanda shi ne asalin duk mugunta wanda Italiya ta sha wahala a wannan lokacin. Rubutun da aka buga a 1440 ya kasance da tabbacin cewa jama'a duka sun gane asalin asalin "kyautar Constantine."

Haihuwar labarun tarihi

A Naples, Valla, wanda rayuwarsa da aikinsa suna da alaka da bincike na yaudara, ya sa waɗanda suka yi imani ta fusata da shakkar gaskiyar wasu addinan addinan da ba a san su ba, kuma sun yi tambaya game da bukatan rayuwa ta hanyar rayuwa. A shekara ta 1444, ya tsere daga Kotun Kotu, amma haɗarin bai hana malami ba. Ya ci gaba da yin ba'a da "lalata" (conversational) harshen Latin da kuma zargi St. Augustine na karkatacciyar koyarwa. Ba da daɗewa ba ya buga wani aiki "A kan ƙawancin harshen Latin." Wannan rubutun shine aikin kimiyya na farko, mai mayar da hankali ga harsunan Latin, kuma ya fito da goyon bayan tsohon malamin Lorenzo. Yawancin mutanen da ake rubutu sun yi la'akari da aikin da abin haɗari ne kuma suka ba da wariyar launin fata tare da zalunci. Valla ya tsara amsoshin amsoshin ga jawabi mafi kyau a cikin sabon aikin wallafe-wallafen, amma yawancin abubuwa masu yawa sun haifar da lalacewa da sunansa a Roma.

Sabuwar farawa

Bayan mutuwar Paparoma Eugene IV a Fabrairu na shekara ta 1447, Lorenzo ya sake komawa babban birnin kasar, inda Paparoma Nicholas V ya gaishe shi, wanda ya yarda da dan Adam ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare na manzo kuma ya umurce shi ya fassara a cikin Latin ayyukan marubucin Helenanci da suka hada da Herodotus da Thucydides. Karɓar Valla a Roma masu zamani sun kira "nasarar da dan Adam ya yi akan kothodoxy da al'adar."

Ayyuka da abubuwan kirkiro

Lorenzo Valla, wanda tarihinsa ya fi kama da littafi mai kayatarwa, ya sauka a cikin tarihin ba masanin kimiyya da furofesa ba, amma a matsayin mai ƙaddamar da ci gaban irin wannan wallafe-wallafe kamar yadda ake zargi. Ya haɗu da siffofin wani ɗan adam, mai hankali da kuma marubuci mai guba. Litattafai na Valla sun fi mayar da hankali ne game da ƙirƙirar ra'ayoyinsu masu ban mamaki da kuma yadda ba a sani ba game da tunanin ilimin falsafa - bai yarda da kowane tsarin ilimin falsafa ba. Ya yi amfani da ilmi mai yawa a cikin harsunan Latin da Girkanci don nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma wasu takardun addinai waɗanda Ikilisiya ke amfani dasu don tallafawa koyaswar su. Ta haka ne, Valla ya gabatar da wani sabon tsari a cikin tsarin 'yan Adam - kimiyya. Da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyin masana falsafa soma samun canji, musamman Martin Luther King nuna babban yabo da nasarorin da philological Valle.

Ayyuka

Mafi shahararren aikin ɗan adam, babu shakka, ya kasance binciken kimiyya "A kan ƙawancin harshen Latin," wanda ya kasance kusan kusan sittin a tsakanin 1471 da 1536. Ayyukan Kasuwanci, wanda aka buga a 1431, bincike ne na kwarai na Stoic, Epicurean da ka'idojin hedonistic. "Tunanin game da kyautar Konstantinov mai ban tsoro" (1440) ya kasance tushen asalin imani akan falsity na rubutun addini sanannen. Yawancin ayyuka na masu ilimin tauhidi ne aka wallafa a cikin nau'i na tattara ayyukan a 1592 a Venice.

Halayya

An rubuta rubutun On Free Will a cikin littattafai uku a cikin hanyar maganganu tsakanin Leonardo Bruni (Arentino), Antonio Beccadelli da Niccolo Niccoli akan batun mafi girma. Arentino yayi jayayya cewa a farko shine wajibi ne don rayuwa cikin jituwa da yanayin. Beccadelli na goyon bayan Epicureanism, yana jayayya cewa karfin ya saba wa dabi'a kuma cewa sha'awar jin daɗi ya kamata a riƙe shi kawai lokacin da ya hana samun fahimtar komai. Nikcoli yana fuskantar masu magana biyu, yana shelar akidar kiristanci na Krista, bisa ga abin da mafi kyawun kirki shine farin ciki na har abada, abin da yake samuwa kawai a cikin hanzari (a wasu kalmomin, hanya zuwa farin ciki shine farin ciki). An kira Nikcoli mai nasara a cikin muhawarar, amma Beccadelli ya ba da hujjoji mai kyau don ganin ra'ayinsa - sabili da haka ba a bayyana ko wane daga cikin masu jayayya ne Lorenzo Valla yake goyon bayansa ba. Wannan rubutun yana ƙunshe da mummunan zargi na masanin kimiyya da kuma duniyar kirki wanda ya haifar da mummunan hali ga marubucin.

Latin stylistics

A ƙarshen karni na sha huɗu, 'yan Adam sun fara nazarin litattafai na zamanin duniyar, suna ƙoƙarin rayar da ruhu na zamanin Greco-Roman. Lorenzo Valla, wanda dan Adam yake nunawa a cikin ayyukansa mai zurfi, ya samar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin aikin da ba a taɓa gani ba "A kan ƙawancin harshen Latin", inda ya bincika irin nauyin Latin na tare da ka'idojin ladabi da ka'idodin rhetoric. A cikin wannan aikin, Valla ya bambanta kyakkyawan ma'anar na marubuta na Roman (kamar Cicero da Quintilian) tare da rashin kuskuren Latin da na Ecclesiastical.

Yawancin mutanen zamanin Valla, masu sanannen wallafe-wallafe, sun ɗauki wannan aikin ne na sukar mutum, kodayake malamin tauhidin bai ambaci takamaimai a cikin litattafansa ba. Saboda wannan, Lorenzo Valla ya yi makiya masu yawa, amma "Maɗaukaki ..." ya qaddamar da dukkanin motsi don inganta sashin harshen Latin. Babu shakka, aikinsa yana da muhimmanci; A cikin karni na goma sha biyar, sun kasance da yawa kafin lokaci kuma sun kasance tushen dalilin ci gaba da sababbin hanyoyin fasahar falsafa da kuma litattafan wallafe-wallafe.