Loire - kogi a Faransa: description

Wannan ban mamaki kogin da ƙarni ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci waterways cewa jagoranci daga sosai cibiyar na Faransa a duniya ta tekuna. Kuma shi ne a nan su ne babbar jiragen ruwa daga Atlantic zuwa jihar daga cikin zuciya. Yau, da kogi ne navigable, amma tsakiyar kasar hanya an rufe. The most kogin a Faransa - Laura.

Game da shekara dubu biyu shipping an yadu ci gaba a cikin kogin. Ga tun da IX karni gudanar da aikin gine-gine a kan gina dams ga kariya na mutum ƙauyuka da kuma bukatun kewayawa. Amma sau da yawa da dam ba zai iya rike mai ruwan tsufana na babbar unpredictable kogin (1856 da kuma 1866 hatsari shekaru).

Kafin mu yi magana game da shi, dubi abin da wasu na gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu ta ƙasar Faransa.

Faransa River: taƙaitaccen bayanin

Faransa na da isasshen yawan hydrological albarkatu. A cikin wannan kasar, babu wani bushewa har na tabkuna da koguna, shi ne a wani fairly temperate Maritime sauyin yanayi ne dumi, ruwan sama ci gaba cikin wannan shekarar. Wannan, ba shakka, na taimaka wa gaskiya cewa gaba dayan ruwa tsarin ne kusan canzawa.

A hadaddun yanayin kududdufai Faransa ya hada da daruruwan sosai kananan tafkunan da kuma manyan koguna. Amma akwai a wannan kasa na da peculiarity. Bisa ga data kasance terminology kõguna a Faransa (fleuves) suna dauke ruwa kai tsaye sunã gudãna a cikin duniya tekuna. Kuma akwai a wannan kasar - 131, da kuma kawai 10 na su (Loire, Rhine, da Rhone, da Meuse, da Garonne, da Seine, da Charente, Dordogne, da Scheldt da Adour) da tsawon fiye da 300 km. Kuma duk waɗannan kõguna sunã daruna zauna fiye da 400 da dubu. Square kilomita na ƙasa da dukan jihar (a kan 70%).

Wadannan koguna da Faransa ne babban buga kwallo. The girma ya kwarara a bakinsu da wadannan dabi'u (a cubic mita / sec.): Loire - 931, Raine - 2300, Rhone - 1690, Maas - 400 Garonne - 650, Sung - 563, Charente - 49 Dordogne - 380 Scheldt - 104 da kuma Adour - 350. kuma total shekara-shekara taro na ruwa a cikin jimlar taro ne game da 40-45% na jimlar shekara-shekara girma ga dukkan Faransa. Aƙalla 33-34% ne ƙõramu sunã gudãna a cikin tẽku: da Rhone, da Loire, Dordogne, Seine, Garonne, Adour da Charente. Wuraren da cewa bar ruwa a cikin France - Meuse, Rhine da Scheldt.

Loire River: Zabuka

Yana empties a cikin tekun Atlantic a kan ƙasa na Faransa. 1020 kilomita ne da tsawon kogin Loire. A map nuna cewa shi ne, haƙĩƙa mafi tsawo. Its tasa maida hankali ne akan wani yanki na fiye da 115 000 sq. km, wanda wakiltar fiye da 20% a cikin babban yankin kasar Faransa, dangane da wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci kogin a kasar.

waterway

Asalin da Loire daukan kusa da wani karamin kauye, da ake kira St. Eulalie (a sashen na Ardèche), dake a cikin gabashin Massif Tsakiya. A tsawo daga wannan wuri ne 1408 mita saman teku matakin.

River a Faransa a kan ta hanyar crosses da arewaci da gabashin gangara daga cikin tsararru, sa'an nan samun a Paris Basin yankin (kwaruruka Arewa Faransa). A wadannan wurare, da ya kwarara kudi saukad da cika fuska, kuma shi jũya a cikin wani fairly m kogin sunã gudãna a fadin bayyana tare da Shoals da Zatoka. A ranar da gaba suna da yawa wurare a Faransa, kamar Roanne, Orleans, fusãtar, Nevers, Blois, Tours da Nantes. City a kan kogin Loire Saint-Nazaire ne wani batu na mahaɗar tsakãninsu cikin tekun Atlantic.

A hanyar da kogin farko gudanar daga kudu zuwa arewa da garin Orleans, bayan wanda rotates daga gabas zuwa yamma da birnin Nantes. Sa'an nan kuma, kogin daukawa ruwanta zuwa cikin tekun Atlantic, ba canza shugabanci.

taimako

Loire - kogi, yana da asali a kan wani m leji (volcanic), wanda ake kira da Gerbier de Jons (sashen Ardèche, a cikin kewayon Vela da Vivarais). Game da 150 kilomita daga Bahar Rum daukan da Meridian shugabanci da arewa.

Mountain kogin tare da babban gudun a kan wani fairly mai karko ƙasa tsakanin babbar dutse boulders na Massif Tsakiya. Yana nasara da duwatsu Vela crystal tsarin (a cikinsa akwai mahara kafa) kuma duwãtsu a kusa da Buter a Faure, a Beaujolais, Lyon da kuma Madeleine.

Loire kogin yanayin, bala'i

A kaka da kuma hunturu da kogi ne a bayansa da Rum ruwan sama da kuma teku sediments, da kuma a cikin spring snowmelt da kuma ruwan sama teku. A lokacin rani, da kandami ne quite matalauta ruwaye. Mene ne dalilin da, dubi na gaba.

Domin wadannan wurare suna halin kwatsam hawa da sauka daga yanayin damina, wanda muhimmanci shafi jihar da kogin. A wani wajen bushe lokacin bazaar Loire dauke da modified. Kuma cikin matsananci yanayin sabawa quite sau da yawa kai catastrophic dabi'u. Akwai daban-daban na halitta mamaki. Kaka Rum tornadoes faru a watan Oktoba da kuma Satumba, bi da bi, 1846 da kuma 1866., Ruwan sama teku (hunturu 1910 da kuma 1936, bi da bi.) Kuma tsawo bazara a hade tare da kaifi kwatsam narkewa snow (farkon lokacin rani 1856).

tributary

Loire ne babban tributary (hagu banki) - River Allier. Its tsawon shi ne 421 kilomita, ruwa ya kwarara kudi - talakawan 140 m³ / s. Fiye da 14 da 300 km² - wani yanki na kwari.

The ruwa a cikin Allier yana da mafi ƙasƙanci matakin a lokacin rani (Yuli zuwa Satumba). Its tushen ne ma ayi a Massif Tsakiya. Shugabanci na kwarara daga cikin kogin ne yafi arewa. A kan gaba lullube daya daga cikin mafi kyau Faransa birane - Moulas (babban birnin na eponymous sashen).

Wannan kogin ne na musamman a cewa a cikin ruwanta da kifi zauna da yanayi - ruwa tare Grayling.

Na da hasumiya, da wuraren ban sha'awa

Loir Valley yana da wata babbar iri-iri kyau tsoho gine-gine ginen: gidãje, manyan gidãje, tsoho birane, da sauransu. Sunã ɗaukar dogon tarihi na m ƙwarai Faransa.

Na da hasumiyai da zarar halarta fadi da dama na soja events. Daga bisani ya juya zuwa kyau Tsarin, sun zama manyan cibiyoyin al'adu da kuma art (suka ji mai girma music, kallon kyau da zane-zanen nuna ƙwarai Theatrical wasanni, rubutu da kuma karanta shayari, litattafan, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Al.). Wannan shi ne mafi ban mamaki, kusan aljanna-labari kwarin.

Babban gidãje daga wadannan ban mamaki wurare - Amboise, Langeais, Chenonceau, Azay-le-Rideau, Blois, Chaumont-sur-Loire, Chambord da Valanse. The m Loire Valley, dake tsakanin Chalon da Sully-sur-Loire aka jera a matsayin UNESCO Duniya dũkiyarku a 2000.

Ba abin mamaki da Loire - kogi, wanda kuma ake kira da sarauta, da kuma ta kwarin - sarauta lambu na Faransa, ko wani bikin aure dress na kasar.

Ya kamata a lura cewa, abin takaici, ba daidai ba aiki yi da tsaftacewa kasa Loire karfe Yanã halakar ƙwarai tsohon gine-gine ginen - Stay Bridge (1978).

Tamanin da kogin ga kasar

River a Faransa yana da muhimmanci a yankunan da yawa. Yafi Loire - kogi (as Ron p.), Wanne ne na bayar da muhimmanci a samar da makamashi ga kasar. Its ƙasa kuma an gina (a mafi tasa) ne biyu shingen: Nossal da Villerest (Alo kogin kwari), ma'aikata yau yafi don sanyaya nukiliya reactors, located in hudu wurare a Faransa.

Bugu da ƙari, cikin kogin an haɗa da manyan yawan tashoshi Seine (Niver da Briarsky) tare da kogin Saône (tsakiyar), to p. Cher (Banana). Waters navigable kawai game da cirewa Nantes.

Ya kamata a lura, duk da haka, da cewa Loire - kogi cewa za a karfafa aikin noma da kuma yawon bude ido.

A ƙarshe daga cikin siffofin waha

A sashen kogin a cikin wannan kogin yawo daga shekara zuwa shekara. A cikin bazara, lokacin da Loire mai cike da yalwa da narke ruwa daga manyan pool yankin, ta nahiyar shiryayye ƙarƙashin rinjayar da babbar taro na ruwa "yawo". Shi ne su dauke da ikon ruwa zuwa wasu wurare, da kuma mafi yawan sabon Shoals faruwa gida lanƙwasa a cikin kogin inda kwarara kudi rage-rage.

Da zarar thawed ruwa sauka, Loire ya koma zuwa ga tsohon gaba. Za ka iya samu cewa shiryayye ne a wasu wurare, amma ba inda aka yi a shekarar data gabata. Sai dai itace cewa kogi a Faransa a kowace shekara kadan, amma ya canjãwa da siffar lokacin da cornering.

Kogin yana da wani peculiar hali na kwarara. A dangane da wani babban catchment yanki a cikin ƙananan Loire tafarkinsa shi ne sau da yawa unpredictable. Sau da yawa akwai kwatsam flash ambaliya saboda da nassi na dogon ruwa sama sosai a babban yankin kasar Faransa, bayan da Loire aikin gandu kawo zuwa ta tashar manyan kundin na ruwa.

Saboda haka, akwai lokuta a lõkacin da wata estuary ruwa girma kwarara ƙaruwa sharply har zuwa 7000 m ³ / s (ambaliyar zamani). Kuma a kaifi ƙi a cikin ruwa matakin ne ma ba nadiri a wadannan wurare. A shekarar 1976, a birnin Orleans shi aka rajista rikodin amfani da ruwa sa'an nan ya kawai 22,4 m ³ (al'ada talakawan amfani a wannan shafin ne 400 m ^3).