Lissafin haɗin ƙira na matakan caji. Ta yaya cajin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙirar ke aiki. Me yasa muke buƙatar adcelerators na caji caji?

Ƙararrakin matakan caji ne na'urar da aka kirkira wani katako na caji na atomatik ko atomatik subomomic, yana motsawa tare da matakan haske. Dalili na aikinsa ne dole karuwa da makamashi ta hanyar lantarki filin da kuma canza yanayin - Magnetic.

Me ya sa muke buƙatar cajin ƙaddarar ƙirar ƙira?

Wadannan na'urorin sun sami aikace-aikacen fadi a wasu fannoni na kimiyya da masana'antu. A yau, akwai fiye da 30,000 daga cikinsu a duk duniya. Domin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, halayen ƙaddamar da nau'in haɗin gwiwar yana zama kayan aiki don ƙaddamar da bincike game da tsarin halittu, yanayin makaman nukiliya, da dukiyoyi na kwayoyin da ba su faru ba. Wadannan sun hada da transuranium da wasu abubuwa marasa ƙarfi.

Tare da taimakon tayin mai fitarwa, ya zama mai yiwuwa don sanin ƙayyadadden ƙimar. Caje barbashi accelerators ana ma amfani da samar da radioisotopes, a masana'antu radiography, radiotherapy, domin sterilization na nazarin halittu da kayayyakin, da kuma a radiocarbon analysis. Ana amfani da mafi yawan kayan aiki a cikin nazarin abubuwan hulɗar mahimmanci.

A rayuwa na cajin barbashi a sauran game da totur ne karami fiye da na barbashi kara zuwa gudu kusa da gudun haske. Wannan ya tabbatar da dangantaka tsakanin lokaci na SRT. Alal misali, a CERN, yawancin muon ya karu da kashi 29 a cikin 0.9994c.

Wannan talifin yana hulɗar yadda za a haɓaka ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da ƙwaƙwalwa, da ci gabanta, iri-iri daban-daban da siffofi dabam dabam da kuma aiki.

Ka'idojin hanzari

Ko da wane irin wacce aka san ku ga wadanda aka ba da izini, duk suna da abubuwa masu yawa. Na farko, dole ne su duka suna da maɓallin lantarki a yanayin batutuwa ta talabijin ko electrons, protons da kuma wadanda suka yi amfani da su a cikin lamurran da suka fi girma. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne su duka suna da filayen lantarki don hanzarta kwakwalwa da kuma filin lantarki don sarrafa yanayin su. Bugu da kari, da wuri a cikin caje barbashi totur (10 ^-11 mm Hg. V.), M. E. A m yawa na saura iska, ake bukata don tabbatar da wani dogon rai lokaci bim. Kuma, a ƙarshe, dukkanin kayan aiki suna da hanyar yin rikodi, ƙidayawa da aunawa ƙaddara ƙwayoyin.

Generation

Electrons da protons, waɗanda aka fi amfani dasu a cikin hanzari, an samo su a duk kayan, amma da farko sun bukaci a ware su daga gare su. Electrons, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana haifar da su a cikin hanya ɗaya kamar yadda a cikin kinescope - a cikin na'urar da ake kira "gun". Yana da wani cathode (ƙananan lantarki) a cikin wani wuri, wanda aka mai tsanani zuwa jihar da zafin zazzaɓin fara farawa daga halittu. Kuskuren cajin da aka zalunta suna janyo hankalin zuwa ƙirar (electrode mai kyau) da kuma wucewa ta hanyar fitarwa. Gun din kanta ma shine mai sauƙi mafi sauki, tun da electrons ke motsa a ƙarƙashin aikin lantarki. Hakanan wutar lantarki tsakanin cathode da anode, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana cikin 50-150 kV.

Bugu da ƙari ga electrons, duk kayan da ke kunshe da protons, amma kawai ƙwayoyin ƙarancin hydrogen sun hada da kwayoyin guda ɗaya. Saboda haka, tushen barbashi don proton accelerators shi ne hydrogen gas. A wannan yanayin, ana yin gas ɗin gas kuma protons ya fita ta cikin rami. A cikin manyan masu tasowa, ana haifar da protons a cikin nau'i-nau'in hydrogen. Sun kasance nau'in halitta tare da ƙarin na'urar lantarki, wanda shine samfurin ionization na gas. Tare da tayar da kullun hydrogen a farkon matakin shine sauki don aiki. Sa'an nan kuma an wuce su ta hanyar bakin ciki, wanda ke ɗauke da electrons a gaban mataki na karshe na hanzarta.

Overclocking

Ta yaya cajin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙaya ta aiki? Babban alama na kowane daga cikin waɗannan shine filin lantarki. Misalin mafi sauki shi ne yanayin daidaitacce tsakanin sifofi mai kyau da kuma mummunan wutar lantarki, kama da wanda ke tsakanin sassan baturin lantarki. A irin wannan filin, na'urar lantarki dake ɗauke da cajin ƙetare yana ƙarƙashin aikin wani karfi da ke jagorantar shi zuwa gagarumin tasiri. Yana accelerates shi, kuma idan babu wani abu don hana shi, da gudun da makamashi ƙara. Masu zaɓin lantarki suna motsawa zuwa gagarumar tasiri tare da waya ko ma a cikin iska suna haɗuwa tare da mahaukaci kuma sun rasa makamashi, amma idan sun kasance a cikin wani wuri, an kara su yayin da suka kusanci mahadar.

Hakanan wutar lantarki tsakanin adadin farko da na ƙarshe na wutar lantarki ya ƙayyade makamashi da ya samu. Lokacin da motsi ta hanyar bambanci na 1 V, yana da 1 lantarki-volt (eV). Wannan shi ne daidai da 1,6 × 10 ^-19 joule. Rashin makamashi na sauro mai yuwuwa ya fi girma sau da yawa. A cikin kinescope, ana samun wutar lantarki ta lantarki fiye da 10 kV. Mutane da yawa masu tasowa sun kai gagarumin haɓaka mai yawa, wanda aka auna ta hanyar mega-, giga- da electrons volts.

Iri

Wasu daga cikin farko iri barbashi accelerators, kamar irin ƙarfin lantarki multiplier da kuma janareta Van de Graaff janareta, ta amfani da akai lantarki filin generated da iko na sama zuwa miliyan volts. Tare da irin wannan ƙwanƙolin wutar lantarki ba sauki aiki ba. Ƙari mafi mahimmanci shi ne ƙaddamar da sauƙi na matakan wutar lantarki da suka kasa samarwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idoji a cikin nau'i biyu na haɓakawar zamani - linzamin kwamfuta da cyclic (mafi yawa a cikin cyclotrons da synchrotrons). Lissafin haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun caji, a taƙaice, sauke su sau ɗaya ta hanyar jerin hanyoyin, yayin da suke tafiya a cikin cyclic suna motsawa tare da yanayin madauwari ta hanyar ƙananan matakan lantarki. A lokuta biyu, makamashi na ƙarshe na ƙwayoyin ya dogara da aikin aikin duka, don haka ana ƙara yawan '' jerks '' '' masu yawa don bada sakamako mai yawa na babban.

Tsarin maimaitaccen tsarin haɗakar linzamin kwamfuta don samar da wutar lantarki ya danganta da amfani da ƙarfin lantarki, ba na lantarki ba. An ƙaddamar da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyi masu dacewa don ƙwarewar mummunan kuma samun sabon motsi idan sun wuce ta hanyar tabbatacce. A aikace, da wutar lantarki ya kamata sauyawa da sauri. Alal misali, a wani makamashi na 1 MeV, proton yana motsawa cikin sauri sosai, yana samar da sau 0.46 gudun gudun, yana wucewa 1.4 m cikin 0.01 ms. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin tsarin maimaita mita da yawa, tsawon lokaci dole ne filin lantarki ya canza shugabanci tare da mita 100 akalla 100 MHz. Lissafin linzamin kwamfuta da masu haɗari na cyclic na kwantad da aka caji, a matsayin jagora, watsa su tare da taimakon madaidaicin filayen lantarki tare da mita daga 100 zuwa 3000 MHz, watau, jere daga rawanin rediyo zuwa microwaves.

Hanya na electromagnetic shine hadewa na madaidaicin lantarki da fannonin magnetic, wanda yayi ma'ana daidai da juna. Makullin mahimmanci na mai tafiyar da hankali shi ne sauti na ƙwaƙwalwa don haka lokacin da ƙirar ya isa filin lantarki an umurce shi daidai da ƙaddarar hanzari. Ana iya yin hakan tare da taimakon wani yunkuri mai haɗuwa - haɗuwa da raƙuman ruwa suna motsawa a cikin wasu wurare dabam-dabam a wuri mai rufe, kamar sautin motsi a cikin kwayar halitta. Wani zaɓi madaidaiciya don magungunan motsi masu hanzari sosai, wanda nauyin yana gab da gudun haske, shi ne motsin tafiya.

Haddatarwa

Wani muhimmin tasiri a cikin hanzari a cikin wani filin lantarki mai sauƙi shine "tayar da hankali". A cikin sake zagayowar oscillation, filin sauyawa ya wuce daga sifili ta hanyar iyakar darajar har zuwa kome, ya sauke zuwa ƙarami, kuma ya tashi zuwa kome. Saboda haka, yana wuce sau biyu ta hanyar darajar da ake bukata don gaggawa. Idan wani nau'i wanda girmansa ya ƙaru, ya zo da wuri, to, bazai sami filin da ya isa ƙarfinsa ba, kuma turawar zai zama rauni. Lokacin da ya kai yankin na gaba, zai yi marigayi kuma zai fuskanci tasiri mai karfi. A sakamakon haka, samfurin zai faru, ƙananan za su kasance a lokaci tare da filin a kowane yanki mai hanzari. Wani sakamako zai kasance haɗuwa a lokaci tare da samuwar clots, maimakon ci gaba da gudana.

Gyaran itace

Babban muhimmin gudummawa a yadda ake shirya matakan da aka ba da cajin da aka yi da kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tashoshin magnetic, tun da za su iya canza shugabancin motsi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya amfani da su don "lanƙwasa" rassan tare da hanya madaidaiciya don su yi tafiya sau da yawa ta hanyar wannan ɓangaren hanzari. A cikin mafi sauƙi, wani aiki mai aiki wanda ya dace da duka ɓangaren motsa jiki da filin yana aiki a kan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar da aka ɗauka yana motsawa a kusurwar dama ga jagorancin filin ma'auni. Wannan yana sa tasirin ya motsa tare da hanyar madaidaiciya daidai da filin, har sai ya bar wurin aikinsa, ko wani ƙarfin fara aiki akan shi. Ana amfani da wannan tasiri a cikin masu hanzari na cyclic, kamar cyclotron da synchrotron. A cikin wani cyclotron, wani filin magnetic mai sauƙi yana haifar da fili mai faɗi. Matsaloli kamar yadda suke girma da makamashin su ke motsa jiki waje, suna tasowa tare da kowane juyi. A cikin synchrotron, bunches suna motsawa kewaye da zobe tare da radius na kullum, kuma filin da aka samar da na'urar lantarki a kusa da zobe yana ƙaruwa yayin da barbashi ke hanzarta. Magnets da suke samar da "lanƙwasawa" suna haɗaka da arewa da kudancin kwantar da hankalinsu a cikin hanyar dawakan dawakai a hanyar da katako zai iya wucewa tsakanin su.

Matsayi na biyu mai muhimmanci na na'urorin lantarki shine ƙaddamar da zane, don haka suna da ƙananan kuma zafin jiki. Mafi sauƙi na magnetin mayar da hankali shine tare da igiyoyi hudu (biyu arewa da kudu biyu) wanda ke fuskantar juna. Suna tura kwayoyin sunadaran zuwa cibiyar a daya hanya, amma ba su damar yadawa a cikin shugabanci na al'ada. Maɗaukaki Quadrupole na mayar da ƙyama a fili, yana barin shi don fita daga mayar da hankali a tsaye. Don haka dole ne a yi amfani da su a nau'i-nau'i. Don ƙarin daidaituwa mai kyau, ana amfani da masu kirki mai mahimmanci tare da babban igiyoyi (6 da 8).

Yayin da makamashi na barbashi ya ƙaru, ƙarfin filin filin da ke jagorantar su yana ƙaruwa. Wannan yana riƙe da katako a hanya guda. An gabatar da gungu a cikin zobe kuma an inganta zuwa ga makamashin da ake buƙata kafin a cire shi kuma a yi amfani da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje. Ana cire janyewar ta hanyar na'urorin lantarki, wanda aka sauya don fitar da barbashi daga zoben synchrotron.

Kullawa

Wadanda suke ba da amfani a cikin magani da masana'antu suna samar da katako don wani dalili, alal misali, don maganin radiation ko shigar dashi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana amfani da barbashi sau daya. Shekaru da yawa, haka ma gaskiya ne ga masu tasowa da suke amfani da su a bincike na asali. Amma a cikin shekarun 1970s, an gina sutura wanda harsuna biyu ke kewaye a cikin wasu wurare kuma suna haɗuwa a duk fadin. Babban amfani da irin waɗannan kayan aiki shi ne cewa, a cikin haɗuwa kan kai, makamashi na ƙwayoyin sun wuce kai tsaye cikin makamashi na haɗin kai tsakanin su. Wannan ya bambanta da abin da ya faru a yayin da katako ya haɗu da wani abu a hutawa: a cikin wannan yanayin, yawancin makamashi zai kawo kayan da ake ciki a cikin motsi, daidai da ka'idar kulawa da lokacin.

Wasu na'urori tare da haɗuwa da igiya suna ginawa tare da zobba biyu a cikin wurare biyu ko fiye inda wasu sifofin irin wannan suke rarraba a cikin wasu hanyoyi. Ƙungiyoyi tare da barbashi da alamun sunaye sun fi kowa. Ƙirgin yana da ƙananan cajin abin da aka ɗauka a ciki. Alal misali, alamar positron an yi caji, kuma wutar lantarki ba ta da kyau. Wannan yana nufin cewa filin da ke hanzari wutar lantarki yana jinkirta haɓaka mai motsi a cikin wannan hanya. Amma idan wanda ya motsa a cikin kishiyar shugabanci, zai yi hanzari. Hakazalika, na'urar lantarki ta motsawa ta hanyar filin filin lantarki zai kunna zuwa hagu, da kuma hagu zuwa dama. Amma idan positron ke motsawa don sadu da ita, hanyarsa zata ci gaba da ɓata zuwa dama, amma tare da wannan hanya kamar wutar lantarki. Tare, wannan yana nufin cewa waɗannan nau'ikan zasu iya motsa tare da zoben synchrotron saboda nauyin wannan maɗaukaki kuma za'a kara su ta hanyar wannan filin lantarki a cikin wasu hanyoyi. Ta wannan ka'idar, an kirkira wasu masu haɗari masu yawa a kan ƙalubalanci, tun da an buƙatar guda ɗaya kawai.

Gilashin a cikin synchrotron ba ya motsa gaba ɗaya, amma an haɗa shi cikin "clots". Suna iya zama da dama santimita a tsawon kuma a cikin goma na wani millimeter a diamita, kuma sun dauki game da 10 ¹² barbashi. Wannan low yawa, saboda girman da wannan abu ya ƙunshi game da ^{23 Oktoba} kwayoyin halitta. Sabili da haka, a lokacin da tsutsa suka haɗa tare da hadayarsu, sai kawai karamin yiwuwar cewa barbashi zasuyi hulɗa da juna. A aikace, yatsun suna ci gaba da motsawa tare da zobe kuma sun sake saduwa. High injin a totur na cajin barbashi (10 ^-11 mm Hg. V.) ake bukata domin cewa da barbashi iya kewaya don yawa sa'o'i ba tare da collisions tare da iska kwayoyin. Sabili da haka, ana kuma kira zobbara zobba masu tarawa, tun lokacin da aka ajiye kwakwalwan a cikin su na tsawon sa'o'i.

Nau'in rajista

Masu haɓaka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ake zargi a cikin mafi rinjaye zasu iya yin rajistar wani taron a saman ɓangaren ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin manufa ko a cikin wani ɓangaren da ke motsawa a wata hanya ta gaba. A cikin jaridar hoton talabijin, ana amfani da lantarki daga bindiga a cikin phosphor a ciki na allon kuma yana fitar da hasken, ta haka ne ya sake dawo da hotunan da aka yada. A cikin masu tasowa, waɗannan masu ganewa na musamman sunyi maganganun da aka watsar, amma an tsara su ne don samar da sigina na lantarki waɗanda za a iya canzawa zuwa bayanan kwamfuta sannan kuma suyi nazarin amfani da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta. An kori wasu abubuwa kawai don ƙirƙirar siginonin lantarki da ke wucewa ta hanyar abu, misali, ta hanyar haɓaka ko haɗakarwa, kuma za'a iya gano su kai tsaye. Za'a iya gano kwayoyi masu mahimmanci, irin su neutrons ko photons, ta hanyar halayen ƙwayoyin da ake tuhuma da su.

Akwai masu bincike na musamman. Wasu daga cikinsu, irin su Geiger counter, kawai ƙidaya ƙwayoyin, yayin da wasu ana amfani da su, alal misali, don rikodin waƙoƙi, ƙaddara gudu ko yawan makamashi. Tsararren zamani da fasaha sune kewayo daga ƙananan haɗin ƙananan caji zuwa manyan kyamarori masu cika gas da wirorin da ke gano ƙananan samfurin ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin.

Tarihi

Caje barbashi accelerators yafi ci gaba ga nazarin da kaddarorin atomic nuclei da kuma na farko barbashi. Tun da bude daga Birtaniya likita Ernest Rutherford a 1919, da dauki na nitrogen tsakiya da kuma wani alpha barbashi, duk da bincike a fagen nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi to 1932 aka za'ayi tare da helium nuclei, saki da lalata da na halitta rediyoaktif abubuwa. Halitta alpha-barbashi da sanadin motsi makamashi na 8 MeV, amma Rutherford yi imani da cewa dole ne su zama artificially kara zuwa har ma mafi girma dabi'u domin sa idanu da lalata da nauyi nuclei. A lokacin da shi da jũna wuya. Duk da haka, da lissafi sanya a 1928 da Georgiem Gamovym (a Jami'ar Göttingen, Jamus), ya nuna cewa ions za a iya amfani da a da yawa m kuzari, kuma wannan ya kara kuzari yunkurin gina wani makaman da samar da wani katako ishe nukiliya Research.

Sauran abubuwan da wannan lokaci nuna ka'idojin da abin da caje barbashi accelerators aka gina don wannan rana. A farko nasara gwaje-gwajen da artificially kara ions da aka gudanar Cockroft da Walton a 1932 a Cambridge University. Ta amfani da wani irin ƙarfin lantarki multiplier, protons ne kara zuwa 710 keV, da kuma nuna cewa karshen amsa tare da lithium ta samar da biyu alpha barbashi. By 1931, a Princeton University a New Jersey, Robert Van de Graaff electrostatic bel gina na farko high-m janareta. Awon karfin wuta multiplier Cockcroft-Walton janareto da kuma Van de Graaff janareta ne har yanzu amfani da makamashi kafofin for accelerators.

A manufa na mikakke resonant totur da aka nuna Rolf Widerøe a 1928. The Rhine-Westphalian Technical University a Aachen, Jamus, ya yi amfani da wani babban AC ƙarfin lantarki a gaggauta sodium da kuma potassium ions zuwa kuzari a wuce haddi na biyu sau gaya musu. A shekarar 1931 a Amurka Ernest Lourens da mataimakin David Sloan na Jami'ar California, dake Berkeley, amfani da high-filayen mitar don hanzarta Mercury ions zuwa kuzari fi 1.2 MeV. Wannan aikin da aka taimaka totur nauyi caje barbashi Wideröe, amma ion bim ba su da amfani a cikin nukiliya bincike.

Magnetic rawa totur ko cyclotron, aka ɗauki cikinsa a matsayin canji na Lawrence Wideröe kafuwa. Student Lawrence Livingston nuna manufa da cyclotron a 1931, yin ions da wani makamashi na 80 keV. A 1932, Lawrence da Livingston ta sanar da hanzari na protons har zuwa fiye da 1 MeV. Daga baya a cikin 1930s, makamashi cyclotrons kai game da 25 MeV, da Van de Graaff - game 4 MeV. A 1940, Donald Kerst, da ake ji da sakamakon da hankali lissafin da kewayewa ga maganadisu tsarin, gina a Jami'ar Illinois, na farko betatron, Magnetic shigar da electron totur.

Modern kimiyyar lissafi: barbashi accelerators

Bayan yakin duniya na II akwai m ci gaba a kimiyya da accelerating barbashi don high kuzari. Yana fara Edwin McMillan a Berkeley da Vladimir Veksler a Moscow. A shekarar 1945, sun kasance su biyu da kansa daga juna sun bayyana manufa na zamani kwanciyar hankali. Wannan ra'ayi yayi wani wajen kula da barga falakinsu na barbashi a cikin wani madauwari totur cewa cire hani a kan proton makamashi da kuma taimaka haifar da wani Magnetic rawa accelerators (synchrotrons) ga electrons. Autophasing, da aiwatar da manufa na zamani kwanciyar hankali, da aka tabbatar da bayan gina karamin synchrocyclotron a Jami'ar California da kuma synchrotron a Ingila. Da ewa ba bayan, da farko proton mikakke resonant totur an halitta. Wannan ka'ida da ake amfani a dukkan manyan proton synchrotrons gina tun sa'an nan.

A shekarar 1947, William Hansen, a Jami'ar Stanford University dake California, gina farko electron mikakke totur a tafiya kalaman, wanda amfani da obin na lantarki da fasaha wadda aka ɓullo da ga radar a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Ci gaba a cikin binciken da aka yi zai yiwu ta kara proton makamashi, wanda ya kai ga yi na taba ya fi girma accelerators. Wannan Trend ne na high masana'antu kudin babbar maganadisu zobe da aka tsaya. The most Tã yi a kusa da kimanin tan 40,000. Hanyar domin kara samar da makamashi ba tare da na'ura size girma da aka yi kariya a game da shekarar 1952 godu Livingstone, Courant da Snyder wata dabara na alternating mayar da hankali (wani lokacin kira da karfi mayar da hankali). Synchrotrons aiki a kan wannan manufa, yi amfani da maganadiso 100 sau karami fiye da da. Irin mayar da hankali ne a yi amfani da duk zamani synchrotrons.

A shekarar 1956 Kerst gane cewa idan da biyu sets na barbashi an riƙe a kan intersecting falakinsu, za ka iya duba su yi karo. A aikace-aikace na wannan ra'ayin da ake bukata da jari kara bim a hawan keke, da ake kira tarawa. Wannan fasaha ya samu a kalla makamashi na hulda barbashi.