Iri sinadaran halayen

A kimiyyar zamani rarrabe sinadaran da makaman nukiliya halayen faruwa a sakamakon hulda na fara kayan, wanda ake kira jamiái. Wannan samar sauran sinadaran abubuwa kira kayayyakin. All interactions faruwa a karkashin wani yanayi (zazzabi, matsa lamba, haske, radiation, gaban catalysts, da dai sauransu). Tsakiya na sinadaran halayen na reactants kwayoyin halitta ba su canja. A nukiliya rikirkida samar da sabuwar nuclei da barbashi. Akwai da dama siffofin, wanda ayyana iri sinadaran halayen.

za ka iya yi da yawan farko da kuma kafa tushen ga rarrabuwa na abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, iri daban-daban sunadarai halayen kasu kashi biyar kungiyoyin:

1. Fadada (wasu sabon jũya daga daya abu), misali, da bazuwar ta dumama potassium chlorate potassium chloride, da oxygen: KCLO3 → 2KCL + 3O2.
2. Mahadi (biyu ko fiye da mahadi don samar da wani sabon daya), hulda tare da ruwa, da alli oxide da aka tuba zuwa alli hydroxide: H2O + Cao → Ca (OH) 2.
3. Canzawa (yawan kayayyakin daidai da adadin da fara kayan, a cikin abin da Ya sauya rabo daga daya bangaren zuwa wani), da baƙin ƙarfe sulfate, jan, ya maye gurbin jan karfe, Forms ferrous sulfate: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu.
4. Biyu musayar (musayar daga cikin kwayoyin biyu abubuwa wanda bar rabo daga gare shi), karafa a potassium iodide da azurfa nitrate aka yi musayar tare da anions kafa da precipitated azurfa iodide da nitrate kady: KI + AgNO3 → AgI ↓ + KNO3.
5. Polymorphous canji (mika mulki auku abu daga daya nau'i zuwa wani crystalline) iodide, Mercury ja launi a lokacin da tsanani ya jũya a cikin rawaya Mercury iodide: HgI2 (ja) ↔ HgI2 (yellow).

Idan sinadaran rikirkida dauke a kan tushen da canje-canje a cikin reactants mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga cikin abubuwa, sa'an nan da iri sinadaran halayen za a iya raba kungiyoyin:

1. Tare da canji a cikin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka - da redox dauki. Kamar yadda wani misali, ka yi la'akari da hulda da baƙin ƙarfe tare da hydrochloric acid: Fe + HCI → FeCl2 + H2, sakamakon wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na baƙin ƙarfe (a rage wakili, electron donating) ya tafi daga 0 to 2, da kuma hydrogen (oxidant yarda electrons) daga 1 zuwa 0 .
2. Ba tare da wani canji a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, misali, na dauki acid-tushe interactions da hydrogen bromide da sodium hydroxide: HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O, a sakamakon irin halayen nuna gishiri da ruwa, da kuma mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da sinadaran abubuwa kunshe ne a cikin ainihin abu ba ya canja.

Idan muka yi la'akari da da sinadaran ma'auni da kuma kudi na kwarara a gaba da kuma baya shugabanci, duk iri sinadaran halayen za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu kamar:

1. Reversible - mãsu faruwa lokaci guda a cikin biyu kwatance. Mafi yawa daga cikin halayen ne reversible. A matsayin misali, aka rushe carbon dioxide a ruwa don samar da wani m carbonic acid, wanda decomposes da farawa da kayayyakin: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3.
2. Komowar - gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu kawai a gaba shugabanci bayan wani cikakken amfani da lokacin da na fara kayan ana kammala, bayan da kayayyakin ne ba kuma kawai wani fara abu, dauka a wuce haddi. Yawanci, daya daga cikin kayayyakin ne ko dai da precipitated insoluble abu precipitated ko gas. Alal misali, ta maida martani sulfuric acid da kuma barium chloride: H2SO4 + BaCl2 + → BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl an precipitated insoluble barium sulfate.

Iri sinadaran halayen a cikin kwayoyin sunadarai za a iya raba hudu kungiyoyin:

1. Canzawa (sauyawa na daya auku kwayoyin halitta ko kungiyoyin na kwayoyin halitta a kan sauran), misali ta dauki tare da sodium hydroxide chloroethane kafa ethanol da sodium chloride: C2H5Cl + NaOH → C2H5OH + NaCl, Ina nufin wani chlorine zarra sauya ta mai hydrogen zarra.
2. Accession (biyu kwayoyin amsa da nau'i daya), misali, bromine ne a haɗe a cikin hutu na biyu bond a cikin kwayoyin na ethylene: Br2 + CH2 = CH2 → BrCH2-CH2Br.
3. Tsakiyan nonon (kwayoyin tsãgewar ƙwãyar cikin biyu ko fiye da kwayoyin), misali, a karkashin wani yanayi, decomposes zuwa ethylene ethanol da ruwa: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
4. Rearrangement (isomerization a lokacin da daya kwayoyin ne tuba zuwa wani, amma ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki ba canza kwayoyin halitta a cikinta), msl, 3-hloruten-1 (C4H7CL) ne tuba zuwa cikin 1-chlorobutyl 2 (C4H7CL). Ga chlorine zarra shige daga uku carbon zarra a cikin hydrocarbon sarkar da farko, da kuma sau biyu bond shiga na farko da na biyu carbon atoms, sa'an nan zama na biyu da na uku a haɗa kwayoyin halitta.

Akwai sauran iri sinadaran halayen:

1. By thermal sakamako: halayen faruwa tare da sha (endothermic) ko saki zafi (exothermic).
2. By irin hulda reactants ko kayayyakin kafa. Hulda da ruwa - hydrolysis da hydrogen - hydrogenation, tare da oxygen - hadawan abu da iskar shaka ko kona. Tsakiyan nonon ruwa - dehydration, hydrogen - dehydrogenation da sauransu.
3. Karkashin interactions: a gaban catalysts (catalytic) a karkashin low ko high zazzabi, canza matsa lamba, a cikin haske da kuma sauransu.
4. A kan inji na dauki: ionic, m sarkar ko sarkar halayen.