Halakar - menene wannan? Nau'in wulãƙanci da su siffofin

The kalmar "Hallakarwa" yana da Latin asalinsu. Zahiri, wannan kalma na nufin "halaka." A gaskiya, a cikin wani m ji, a hallaka - wani take hakkin da mutunci da al'ada tsarin ko kisa. Wannan definition za a iya gane tsallaka. Alal misali, za mu iya ce cewa halakar - shi ne mai mayar da hankali ko bangaren (s) na hali da mutum psyche, da kuma yankunan da related batutuwa ko abubuwa. Inda kuma yadda wannan ra'ayi da ake amfani? Game da wannan - daga baya a cikin labarin.

janar bayanai

A farko ra'ayin kasancewar wani mutum da sojojin da kuma abubuwa da suke da hallakaswa mayar da hankali a kan na waje abubuwa ko kansa, kafa a zamanin d mythology, falsafa, addini. Wadannan matsalolin da ake baya samu wasu ci gaba a fannoni daban daban. A cikin karni na 20th shi ya kasance wasu sabunta fahimtar. Mutane da yawa masu bincike sanyã wannan karuwa da daban-daban mamaki a cikin al'umma, psychoanalytic matsaloli, daban-daban na zamantakewa bala'i. Wadannan al'amurran da suka shafi fairly kurkusa daban-daban Thinkers na lokaci. Daga gare su, Jung, Freud, Fromm, Gross, Reich da sauran theorists da kuma likitoci.

Aiki adam aiki

Mene ne lalata hali a cikin aiki filin? A kan aiwatar da aikin ayyukan alama da canji na mutum zuwa mutum. Sana'a, a daya hannun, na taimaka wa ci gaba da kuma samuwar hali. A kan wasu, da aikace-aikace hallakaswa sakamako a kan wani mutum a cikin jiki da kuma m ji. Saboda haka, ana iya lura da cewa ainihi canji yakan faru a cikin kwatance daura da juna. A fannin sana'a ci gaban da mafi tasiri kayan aikin akwai waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen} arfafa farko m Trend a cikin raguwa a karo na biyu da mafi ƙarancin. Professional ƙasƙanci aka hankali tara korau canje-canje a cikin hali da kuma hanyoyi na rayuwa. Wannan abu ya faru a sakamakon monotonous guda irin aikin for jinkiri. A sakamakon haka, kafa maras so aiki quality. Su taimakawa ga ci gaba da kuma karfafa ruhi crises da kuma tashin hankali. Wannan abin da mai aiki a cikin filin halaka.

magani

A wasu lokuta, da hallakaswa matakai za su taimaka ga kawar da wasu m events. A musamman, wannan sakamako ne lura a magani. Halakar iya zama da amfani? Wannan sabon abu ne ya sa ta a gangan amfani da, misali, a gynecology. A lura da daban-daban pathologies, likitoci amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne rediyo-mita, halakarwa. Ana amfani da cututtuka kamar cysts a cikin farji bango, warts, yashewa, dysplasia. Radiowave mahaifa halaka ne m da sauri hanya don tasiri a kan ya shafa yankin. Wannan hanya na lura da pathologies za a iya shawarar ko nulliparous mata.

Oncology

Mutane da yawa cututtuka suna tare da nama, halakarwa. Irin cututtuka sun hada da ciwon daji da kuma. Daya batu ne mai ƙari (sarcoma) Ewing. Wannan cell zagaye kashi ƙari. Wannan ƙari ne m ga radiation. A kwatanta da sauran malignancies wannan Pathology auku a wani gwada matasa shekaru, tsakanin 10th da 20th shekaru. Tare da busa na shafa reshe kasũsuwa, ashe, amma kuma iya ci gaba a wasu yankunan. Neoplasm hada densely shirya taso Kwayoyin. A mafi halayyar bayyanar cututtuka sun hada da kumburi da kuma taushi. Sarcoma daban-daban Trend zuwa wani gagarumin rarraba da kuma a wasu lokuta maida hankali ne akan dukan tsakiyar sashen na dogon ƙasũsuwa. A cikin radiograph ya shafa yankin ba ya duba yadda yadu kamar yadda yake a gaskiya. Da taimakon MRI da CT aka ƙaddara da iyakoki na Pathology. Cutar da ake tare da lytic kashi halaka. Wannan canji da aka dauke su mafi halayyar wannan cuta. Duk da haka, akwai a wasu lokuta da "bulbous" mahara yadudduka na kashi, kafa a karkashin periosteum. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a baya data canje-canje su ne classic asibiti bayyanar cututtuka. Ganewar asali ne a bisa biopsy. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a irin wannan juna na X-ray za a iya lura kan bango na sauran kashi marurai malignancy. Jiyya shafi yin amfani da daban-daban haduwa da radiation, jiyyar cutar sankara da kuma m dabaru. Da yin amfani da hadaddun na warkewa da matakan da gusar da Pathology na fiye da 60% na marasa lafiya da ciwon primary gida nau'i na Ewing ta sarcoma.

sinadaran halaka

Wannan sabon abu za a iya lura a ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban jamiái. A musamman, wadannan sun hada da ruwa, da iskan shaqa, alcohols, acid, da sauransu. The jiki tasiri da kuma iya aiki a matsayin mai hallakaswa wakili. Alal misali, daga mafi mashahuri za a iya ambata ionizing radiation, haske, zafi, inji makamashi. Chemical hallaka - wani tsari da yake faruwa ba selectively bayar jiki tasiri. Wannan shi ne saboda da zumunta kusanci na makamashi halaye na duk dangantaka.

Wulãkanci na polymers

Wannan tsari yana dauke su mafi karatu a kwanan. A wannan yanayin, da selectivity lura mamaki. A tsari ne tare da katsewa na carbon-heteroatom shaidu. halaka sakamakon a cikin wannan yanayin ne monomer. Yawa fi juriya da sinadaran jamiái lura a carbon-carbon bond. A wannan yanayin hallaka - wani tsari zai yiwu ne kawai a karkashin gindaya wani sharadi ko a gaban gefe kungiyoyin cewa rage bond ƙarfi babban sarkar fili.

rarrabuwa

Bisa ga halaye na wulakanci kayayyakin rabu depolymerization da kuma lalata a bazuwar. A karshen harka, shi yana nufin tsari wanda shi ne kishiya na polycondensation dauki. A lokacin da shi sartse suna kafa wanda girma ne mafi girma daga monomeric naúrar. A depolymerization tsari ne zaton wa faruwa sequentially detaching daga sarkar baki monomers. A wasu kalmomin, da dauki faruwa, kishiyar dangane da links a cikin Polymerization. Wadannan iri wulãƙanci iya faruwa ko dai lokaci guda, kõ dabam- dabam. Baya ga wadannan biyu, mai yiwuwa a na uku sabon abu. A wannan yanayin, shi yana nufin halakar da rauni mahada cewa shi ne ba a tsakiyar macromolecule. A kan aiwatar da halaka da bazuwar hada guda biyu na faruwa isasshe m drop a polymer kwayoyin nauyi. Lokacin da depolarization wannan sakamako ne sosai a hankali. Alal misali, polymethyl methacrylate ciwon kwayoyin nauyi na 44.000, da mataki na Polymerization na saura abu ne kusan canzawa har zuwa lokacin a lokacin da depolymerization ya wuce 80%.

thermal ƙasƙanci

A manufa da mahadi da tsagawa karkashin zafi ya kamata ba bambanta daga hydrocarbon fatattaka, da sarkar inji wadda aka kafa tare da cikakken yaƙĩni. A daidai da sinadaran tsarin da polymers ne m da su jure zafi, da kudi na lalata da kuma halaye na da kayayyakin kafa a cikin tsari. A mataki na farko, duk da haka, zai zama ko da yaushe da samuwar free radicals. Kara dauki tafiya tare da wani decoupling kewaye da wani karu a kwayoyin nauyi. Katsewa iya faruwa ta disproportionation ko recombination na free radicals. A wannan yanayin, da canji na fractional tsarin na iya faruwa, da samuwar sarari da kuma branched Tsarin da zai iya bayyana biyu shaidu a iyakar da macromolecules.

Abubuwa da shafi cikin kudi na aiwatar

A lokacin thermal wulakanci, kamar yadda tare da wani sarkar dauki hanzari ya auku a kudi na gyara iya sauƙi rarrabu cikin free radicals. Deceleration ne kuma lura a gaban mahadi da suke acceptors. Saboda haka, misali, kara hira kudi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar roba lura azo da diazo bangaren. A lokacin dumama polymers a zazzabi daga 80 zuwa 100 digiri da gaban wadannan initiators kawai alama ƙasƙanci. Tare da kara maida hankali a fili a cikin bayani sun m intermolecular halayen manyan zuwa gelation da kuma samuwar da na sarari tsarin. A kan aiwatar da thermal fatattaka daga polymers tare da raguwa a talakawan kwayoyin nauyi da kuma tsarin canji da aka lura depolymerization (tsakiyan nonon monomer). A zazzabi na fiye da 60 digiri lokacin da block bazuwar daga methyl methacrylate a gaban na benzoyl peroxide sarkar zai fi dacewa terminates da disproportionation. A sakamakon haka, rabin na kwayoyin kamata a yi m biyu bond. A wannan yanayin, shi ya zama na fili da cewa rata macromolecular bukatar kasa da cikakken DNA, da kunnawa makamashi.