Lardin garambawul a 1775. Lardin gyara daga Catherine 2

Don hana baƙauye tashin, Catherine II a 1775 yanke shawarar kawo canji game da gida shugabanci. Wannan mataki ya kai ga wani bayarda rabo daga cikin dukan ƙasar da Rasha Empire. Shi ya zama kasu kashi administrative raka'a, wanda aka ƙaddara da yawan da ake kira haraji-biyan yawan (mutanen da suka biya haraji). The most of wadannan sun lardin.

Garambawul na 1708

Bisa ga umurnin Bitrus I na 18 Disamba, dukan daular aka kasu kashi 8 larduna: Moscow, Smolensk, Azov, Arkhangelogorodskaya, Kazan, Siberian, Kiev da Ingermanland cewa bayan shekaru 2 da aka sake masa suna St. Petersburg. Suka gudu da gwamnonin nada ta sarautar sarkin. A irin wannan babban matsayin da yawanci da'awar manyan shuwagabanninmu da manyanmu. Sun samu wata babbar soja, administrative, da kuma shari'a da iko. Bugu da kari, suna ba da damar gudanar da kudi ya lardin.

A na gaba shekaru masu zuwa, akwai 3 manyan administrative raka'a: Riga, Astrakhan da Nizhny Novgorod. Lardin garambawul na Bitrus I miƙa for 'yan shekaru. A 1715, wasu canje-canje da aka yi wa karamar hukumar. Sun kunshi a cikin fractional rabo daga larduna, wanda aka dogara ne a kan wani ilimin kididdiga manufa, watau. E. Yawan gidaje. A 1719, wadannan administrative raka'a fara da za a rarraba su zuwa larduna. Daga baya, suka rarraba. A sakamakon haka ne 250 kananan hukumomi, wanda ke sarrafawa da gwamnonin.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa sauyi a management na dunbin daular karfe kamar yadda doka ta Bitrus I, kuma ya shekara 1708. A lardin garambawul da aka yi niyya ga iyakar simplification na inji of management na kasar. A wannan lokaci da aka dauke shi kusan soma.

Catherine burin Abubuwan Taɗi

Babban takarda, wadda ne niyya rike na gaba gyara a Rasha, ya daftarin aiki mai suna "Cibiyoyi ga management na larduna na Rasha Empire." Dole ne in ce cewa a kan Hauwa'u na da sake fasalin qaddamar da Catherine II, karkarar kasar, idan aka kwatanta da Bitrus lokaci, riga da babban yawan administrative yankunan. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa daular kullum ƙara sabuwar ƙasar.

Lardin garambawul a Rasha, qaddamar Catherine II, ya canza 23 larduna, 66 larduna da kuma game da 180 gundumomi. Its manufarsa shine ya kara yawan manyan administrative cibiyoyin. A sakamakon haka, yawan ya kusan ninki biyu.

division

A dukan daular aka raba larduna, sa'an nan zuwa ga kananan hukumomi. Wannan tsari ya auku ne kawai a kan wani administrative-akai, ba tare da game da duk wani tattalin arziki, Gwargwadon da kuma na kasa dalilai. Lardin gyara daga Catherine 2 runtumi wannan manufa - don daidaita sabon administrative na'ura ga 'yan sanda da kuma kasafin kudi nauyi.

The rabuwa faru a gwada yawa sharudda, watau. E. Yawan mutane. Saboda haka, a cikin ƙasa na kowane lardi ya gida game da 400 mutane dubu, kuma a cikin County -. 30 dubu. Bayan jerin canje da suka faru daga 1728 zuwa 1760, tsohon controls aka shafe ta. Har ila yau soke lardin gyare-gyare da yankin raka'a kamar larduna.

management

A shugaban na most yankin raka'a sun gwamnoni, wanda za a iya sanya ko cire kawai da sarki. Taimaka sarrafa gwamnatin lardin, kunsha na wani m da kuma biyu daga centurions. Kasafin kudi da kuma harkokin kudi tsunduma exchequer. Ilmi da kiwon lafiya gudanar da umarni na jama'a sadaka. The, haramun kuma yi tare da biyu lauyoyi lauya.

Lardin gyara daga Catherine 2 shãfe da kuma gundumar gwamnatoci. Akwai, yana tsaye a shugaban Zemsky jami'in 'yan sanda suka zabi cikin gida gentry. Akwai ma na gama jikinsu, da ake kira zemstvo ƙananan kotu. Bugu da kari ga 'yan sanda kyaftin, kuma akwai guda biyu assessors. A ƙarƙashin kotu ya Zemsky 'yan sanda. Shi ne kuma da alhakin kula da aiwatar da umurni da a cikin ƙasa a karkashin su kula da daban-daban yanke shawara da kuma dokokin na lardin allon. Amma a garuruwan akwai wani sabon post - shugaban 'yan sanda.

Management of dama manyan yankin raka'a aka kwashe gwamnan-janar. Sun kasance sũ ne shugabannin a manyan a wadannan yankuna, idan akwai wani sarki da kansa, da kuma yana da hakkin ya shiga ba kawai m matakan, amma kuma kai tsaye dama ga rahotanni da monarch.

Dole ne in ce cewa don Karkasa ikon ya mai da muhimmanci sosai shekara 1775. A lardin garambawul ya kara karfafa shi. Kamar wancan ne rarraba da yankin ƙasar, shi ne mafi karfafa matsayin ta administrative ma'aikatan a duk yankuna. Bugu da kari, tare da wannan manufa domin sake tsara da tsarin shari'a, kazalika da musamman jikin an halicce su da 'yan sanda da kuma punitive ayyuka.

samarwa reorganization

A 1769, da dokoki Hukumar, yunkurin da aka yi a matakin larduna raba nauyi gwamnatocin da kotuna. Don yin wannan, shi ya shirya ya haifar da hudu-matakin tsarin, wanda zai hada da gundumar da kuma lardin oda, lardin raspravnye bẽne, da majalisar dattijai, wanda shi ne wata kotu na roko.

A garin mu so ya ci gaba da lardin kotuna na mahukunta. Bugu da kari, kungiyar ta aka shirya caste kotu - dabam ga manoma da kuma manya. A daya daga cikin membobin taron shawarar da cewa gwaji sun zama bude da kuma jama'a. Amma a lokaci guda, suna goyon bayan da halittar aji, daga jirgi. Yana da wannan dual hali da kuma daina, kyakkyawan, rabuwa shari'a ayyuka na gwamnatin. The wakilai, san cewa kare gata da matsayi na musamman na manya ne kawai zai yiwu da taimakon baki gwamnati. Duk da wannan, mafi yawan shirin da suka yi da dokoki Hukumar, an gabatar a cikin yi, a lokacin da gudanar da lardin garambawul a 1775.

rabuwa tasoshin

A 1769, 'yan majalisar dokokin sun shirya wani lissafin, wanda kayyade harsãshin shari'a hakkin. Yana da aka kamata su haifar da wasu tasoshin: shopping, tafiyad da Brokerage da m harkokin; musamman - ya ne ke kula da al'adu da matsaloli; laifi, 'yan sanda da kuma fararen hula - tãkãwa ne a "deaneries". ruhaniya - dauke ciki coci batutuwa da suka shafi doka, kuma addini; soja - da hannu a aikata miyagun laifuka kotu jami'ai.

A 'yan sanda, laifi da kuma kotunan za a raba bisa ga yankin manufa - a birane da yankunan karkara. Duk suka yi shiga a cikin wani na kowa uku-bene tsarin na karkashi: lardin - gundumar - lardin. Haka kuma an tsammani cewa shari'a hukumomi za su iya kimanta da umarni zuwa daga gwamnatin tsakiya, a cikin sharuddan na kasa muhimmancin. Bugu da kari, birane da karkara kotunan da za a yi da zabe da kuma kai kara - bude. Dukkan wadannan shawarwari sanya da Hukumar a lokacin, sun bayar da muhimmanci ga mai zuwa da shari'a garambawul a Rasha a 1775.

The aji tsarin

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da canji shafa ba kawai administrative na'ura. Lardin garambawul ja shi da kuma canje-canje a cikin tsarin shari'a. Yana ba kawai m amma kuma mafi karfafa da rabo daga caste akai.

● musamman kotu domin nobility aka kafa a kowane County. Sun kunshi wani hukunci da kuma biyu assessors. Suna zabe ta gida nobility na tsawon shekaru 3. High lardin Kotunan sun taka rawar da] aukaka} ara, kuma kunshi biyu sassan da hannu a yakin da laifi al'amura. Su su ne kawai suke a dukan lardin da kuma kunshi mutane biyu - da shugaban da mataimakinsa da ake nada da sarki. Suna iya gudanar audits da kuma saka idanu da ayyukan da gundumar kotu.

● A ƙananan kotu a biranen zama mahukunta. Su mambobi ana ma zabe ga wani ajali na shekaru 3. Domin wadannan jiragen ruwa da kotun] aukaka} lokutta sun lardin mahukunta. Yana da aka hada da wani shugaban da biyu assessors 2 daga cikin gida al'umma.

● A cikin ƙananan gundumar hukunci kisan kiyashi na jihar manoma. Akwai ji yakin da laifi lokuta. Suka tsunduma a cikin jami'an da suka da aka nada da hukumomi. Kotun roko ga ƙananan karfe saman tashin hankali. Cases an yi ne kawai a kan beli, wanda ya a karfi daya mako.

● lardin gyare-gyare da kafa da ake kira conscientious kotu. Su ma an gina a kan manufa da caste. Sun hada da 'yan nobility da townspeople da kuma manoma. Wadannan gwaji da aka yi da ake kira reconciliatory aiki (taimake warware rikici tsakanin claimants). Bugu da kari, su sauke nauyi, da kuma musamman aikace-aikace game da laifuffukan da aka aikata ta, mahaukaci ne mutane ko yara. Yana kuma yayi nazari da kuma lokuta da maita.

● A cikin larduna auditing da kuma] aukaka} ara su ne Trial bẽne, a duka laifi da na sasantawa. Su binciki zargin da ta jẽ musu daga High lardin Kotunan da kuma kashe-kashen, kazalika daga lardin mahukunta. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, Rokon aka tare da wani ajiya manyan isa.

● A Majalisar Dattijan shine mafi girman dukkan shari'a gabobin.

To, abin da kuma yake ban sha'awa lardin garambawul Catherine 2 (shekara 1775)? A sa'an nan da na farko yunkurin da gwamnatin sashen na kotu an sanya. Amma ba ta yi nasara ba. Gwamnonin har yanzu suna iya yin tasiri da kisan sentences, misali, a kan rashi na girmamawa, ko kisa. Kotun shugabannin da aka nada da hukumomi, kamar yadda wakilan da kadarori da dama don zabo kawai assessors. Lokuta da dama zo birnin da 'yan sanda. Bugu da kari, shi abubuwa da patrimonial adalci.

aikinsu

'yan sanda management ka'idojin tattauna ma a taro na dokoki Hukumar, kafin a fara lardin garambawul. Shekara 1771 aka alama ta kammala wannan aiki, wanda hannu halittar sassan 'yan sanda a birane. Sun kasance a naúrar domin kare jama'a domin.

A 'yan sanda da alhakin danniya na daban-daban ayyukan rashin ladabi. Alal misali, wannan zai iya zama wani womanizing, ta faɗa, wuce kima nuni da alatu, azumi tuki ko take hakkin da oda a lokacin allahntaka ayyuka da kuma processions. 'Yan sanda kuma na da' yancin sarrafa daban-daban idi, watch da cinikayya a cikin kasuwanni da kuma m na birane, da waɗansu kõguna, abinci, ruwa da kuma waɗansu da yawa. et al.

Da 'yan sanda ayyuka kuma sun hada da wuta yãƙi, barayi da vagabonds, m taro da kuma sauran troublemakers. Yana kuma kayyade da ciniki dokoki da kuma abun ciki na gidajen cin abinci. Bugu da kari, 'yan sanda da aikinsu hada da iko a kan haraji, birane shiryawa da kuma kungiyar na daban-daban abubuwan.

'yan sanda hukumomi

Lardin gyara fara Catherine 2. A shekara 1775 bayar ga halittar wani yawan jami'an 'yan sanda na musamman. Amma da aikin "da Yarjejeniya na deanery" da aka kammala kawai 6 shekaru. A shekara, shi a buga. Yana kunshi 14 surori da 274 articles. Wannan shatan ma'anar tsarin da 'yan sanda, su tsarin, babban al'amurran da aiki, kazalika da jerin ayyukan da suke da hukuncin.

Tilasta doka da ikon da birnin majalisa zama deanery. Yawan jami'ansa sun Rathmann councilors, jami'an 'yan sanda da hannu a duka biyu laifi kuma} ararrakin, magajin gari (ko shugaba kwamandan) da kuma shugaban' yan sanda.

Domin saukaka, duk garin ya kasu kashi bariki da kuma sassa (sashe ya faru a cikin yawan gine-gine). 'yan sanda sashen sarki ɗan sanda ya a sashi, da kuma a farkon kwata - da shugabansu. All maki sun kasance a cikin "Table of Ranks." Sai suka bi da 'yan sanda hukumomin lardin hukumomi. Sũ ne waɗanda suka yanke duk tambayoyi da suka shafi cikin biya diyya ko manufa matsayi. 'Yan sanda a babban birnin kasar sarrafawa na musamman da majalisar dattijai.

laifukan

The "Yarjejeniya na decorum" da aka jera a yawan laifukan da takunkumi, wanda ya kasance a cikin lura da 'yan sanda. Ga wasu daga cikinsu:

● ayyukan da suka shafi wadanda ba yarda da dokokin da 'yan sanda hukuma.

● ayyuka da nufin yaƙi da bauta na Orthodox bangaskiya, da kuma matsayin dukan.

● cin hanci da rashawa.

● ayyukan da cewa karya da jama'a domin.

● ayyuka da cewa su ne saba wa dokoki na decorum, kamar giya da cãca, haramta wakilci, da buguwa, rantsar, gine-gine ba tare da izni, rashin ladabi.

● laifi aiki directed a kan data kasance domin, da dukiya da mutum da sauransu.

A 'yan sanda suna da' yancin su yi amfani ga warware takunkumi kawai ga 'yan laifinsu, misali, ga doka mallaki makamai, satar dukiya, yi da orthodoxy, da take hakkin kwastan dokoki, da sauransu. D. Amma mafi yawan dukan da' yan sanda da hannu a cikin bincike na farko da m canja wuri na kayan tattara a kotuna. Abinda shi bai yi aiki ba, don haka shi ne tare da siyasa laifuka. A saboda wannan dalili, akwai wasu gawawwakin.

Lardin gyara daga Catherine 2 gudummawar da rabuwa na zartarwa da kuma na shari'a hukumomi. All azuzuwan, fãce da sansanin soja, ya fara daukar wani karin rawa a gida shugabanci. Har ila yau ya kafa wannan kotun ne ga kowane daga cikinsu. Bugu da kari, lardin garambawul sa kawo karshen aiki da kusan dukkanin kolejoji. Ban kasance kawai mafi muhimmanci - harkokin waje, da Defence, da kuma Admiralty. Nauyi narkar allon sun mayar da su cikin lardin hukumomi.