Soviet haske tank T-26. T-26: halaye, tarihi na halitta, tsarin

Soviet haske fama motocin, a yi amfani da yawa daga cikin rikice-rikice na cikin 1930s kuma yakin duniya na biyu, shi ne T-26. wannan tanki da aka samar a cikin ya fi girma yawa (fiye da 11 000 raka'a), ya fi kowane daga cikin lokaci. A 1930, Tarayyar Soviet 53 T-26 bambance-bambancen karatu da aka ɓullo da, ciki har da wani flamethrower tank, fama m abin hawa, wani m-sarrafawa tankuna, kai-propelled gun, manyan bindigogi tarakta da wani Armoured Personnel Carrier. Ashirin da uku daga cikinsu sun kasance kasuwanci, akwai, da kuma sauran - da gwaji model.

Birtaniya asali

T-26 da aka a samfur - Burtaniya tank Mk-E, wanda aka ci gaba da kamfanin "Vickers-Armstrong" a 1928-1929. Simple da sauki don kula, shi aka yi nufi ga fitarwa zuwa kasa technologically raya ƙasashe: Tarayyar Soviet, Poland, Argentina, Brazil, Japan, Thailand, kasar Sin da yawa wasu. "Vickers" tallata ya tank a soja wallafe, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta nuna sha'awarta a wannan ci gaban. A karkashin kwangilar sa hannu May 28, 1930, kamfanin tsĩrar da Tarayyar Soviet na 15 da biyu-hasumiya inji (Type A, dauke da makamai biyu inji bindigogi, "Vickers" zamo 7.71 mm, ruwa-sanyaya) tare da cikakken fasaha takardun for su taro samar. A gaban biyu gãnuwõyi cewa za a iya juya su da kansa yarda harba biyu hagu da kuma dama a lokaci guda, a wancan lokaci dauke m amfani ga cimma gaci na filin kufaifan. Da dama Soviet injiniyoyi halarci taron tankuna a kan "Vickers" factory a 1930. Har zuwa karshen wannan shekara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet samu na farko hudu Mk-E irin A.

A farkon jerin samar

A Tarayyar Soviet, to, kawai na yi aiki na musamman hukumar, wanda aikin ya zaɓi na waje tankuna for kwafi. Turanci Tank Mk-E ya karbi takardun ga wucin gadi nadi B-26. A cikin hunturu 1930-1931 shekaru a shafin kusa Poklonnaya Gora gwaji na biyu na wadannan inji aka gudanar, sun samu nasarar wuce. A sakamakon haka, a cikin watan Fabrairu, an yanke shawarar fara su samar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet karkashin T-26.

A tank na farko na gwaji tsari, turrets sanye take da Soviet-yi, an gwada wa jure bindiga da na'ura-gun wuta a cikin marigayi rani na 1931, ya aka kora daga bindigogi da kuma inji bindigogi "Maxim" tare da na al'ada da kuma makamai sokin akai-akai daga nesa na 50 mita. An samu cewa tank ci wuta tare da kadan lalacewa (kawai wasu rivets aka lalace). Chemical bincike ya nuna cewa gaba makamai faranti da aka yi da bakin makamai, yayin da rufin kuma kasa farantin hasumiyai an sanya na talakawa karfe. Duk da yake makamai samar Izhora shuka, amfani da farko model T-26, baya cikin inganci da Turanci saboda da rashin zamani metallurgical kayan aiki a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Ci gaban da farko gyara a shekarar 1931

Soviet injiniyoyi ba kawai maimaita 6-ton "Vickers". Abin da sabon abubuwa suna da, a wani T-26? Tank a 1931, kazalika da ta Burtaniya samfur, yana da wani biyu-hasumiya sanyi da biyu inji bindigogi, daya ga kowane hasumiya. Babban bambancin dake tsakanin su kasance abin da suka kasance mafi girma tare da kallo slits a kan T-26 turret. Soviet hasumiyar da wani madauwari sako ga Degtyareva tank gun, sabanin wani rectangular amfani a cikin na asali yi wa Birtaniya gun "Vickers". A gaban sashi na jiki da aka ma kadan ya canja.

Cases T-26 ta tare da biyu hasumiyoyin da aka tattara ta amfani da sulke faranti 13-15 mm riveted da firam na karfe sassa. Wannan ya isa ya jā da na'ura-gun wuta. Light tankuna da Tarayyar Soviet, sanya a karshen 1932-1933, aka biyu riveted da welded jiki. Ba za ka iya ce game da sabon samfurin. Soviet tank T-26 bunkasuwa a shekarar 1931 yana da biyu cylindrical hasumiya, saka a kan ball bearings. kowane da kansa daga cikin gãnuwõyi juya 240 °. Dukansu hasumiyar iya samar da wani pounding na gaba da raya da harbe-harben arcs (100 ° kowane). Mene ne babban drawback wani T-26? Biyu-hasumiya embodiment yana da yawa rikitarwa tsarin, Munã rage ta AMINCI. Haka kuma, duk da firepower na tanki ba za a iya amfani da a daya gefen. Saboda haka, a cikin farkon 30-ies duniya watsi da sanyi na fama motocin.

A daya-hasumiyar haske tank T-26

Its halaye da aka muhimmanci inganta idan aka kwatanta da biyu-hasumiya sanyi. Samar tun shekara ta 1933, ya kasance da farko a cylindrical hasumiyar da bindiga 20K model, zamo 45 mm da daya na'ura gun Degtyarev 7,62 mm. Wannan gun ya inganta kwafin na anti-gun 19K model (1932), shi ne daya daga cikin mafi iko ga ajalinsa. Very 'yan wasu kasashen tankuna da irin wannan kayan aikin, idan wani kasance. Abin da sauran makamai ya iya kawo sabon T-26? Tank 1933 iya samun har zuwa uku ƙarin 7.62-mm inji bindigogi. Wannan karuwa a firepower aka yi nufi ga taimaka da matukan jirgin a da shan kashi na musamman anti-kungiyoyin, saboda asali na'ura-gun makamai da aka dauke kasa. A hoto a kasa ya nuna daya daga cikin model na T-26, wanda yana da wani tanki gidan kayan gargajiya a Kubinka, shi ne mafi girma tarin soja motocin a duniya.

Next, bari mu magana game da fasaha halaye.

Abin da engine da T-26

Features, da rashin alheri ƙaddara da matakin na engine ko 20s na 20th karni. A tank aka sanye take da wani 4-Silinda fetur engine damar 90 lita. wani. (67 kW) tare da iska sanyaya, wanda kuma ya kammala kwafin engine "Armstrong Sidley" amfani a cikin 6-ton "Vickers". Yana da aka located a baya na tanki. Farkon Soviet-sanya tank injuna sun matalauta quality, amma shi ya inganta tun 1934. Engine tank T-26 ba su da gudun limiter, sau da yawa sakamakon zafi fiye da kima da kuma lalacewar ta bawuloli, musamman a lokacin rani. Fuel tank 182 lita da man tank 27 lita da aka sanya a kusa da engine. Ya yi amfani da wani high-Octane, da ake kira Grozny fetur. ciko na biyu mafi kyau man fetur zai iya haifar da lalacewar da bawul saboda ta fasa. Daga bisani, an gabatar da mafi capacious man fetur tank (290 lita maimakon 182 l). Engine sanyaya fan an shigar a kan shi a cikin wani na musamman hali.

Canja wurin T-26 kunshi guda-Disc bushe kama da babban kama, da akwatin da biyar giya a gaban tanki, tuƙi iko clutches, watsa, kuma karshe kungiyar na birki. Transmission aka haɗa ta engine da wani drive shaft mikawa tare da tanki. Lever canza giya, aka saka kai tsaye a kan akwatin.

Zamanintar da 1938-1939

Wannan shekara, cikin Soviet tank T-26 samu wani sabon conical hasumiyar da mafi juriya da harsasai, amma ya zauna cikin wannan welded jiki, cewa daga cikin model a 1933 cewa ya bai isa ba, cewa ya nuna da rikici da Japan militarists a 1938, saboda haka cewa tanki da aka kyautata sake a watan Fabrairu 1939. Yanzu ya samu a karkashin-turret daki tare da karkata (23 °) 20 mm-gefen sulke faranti. A bango kauri daga cikin hasumiya ya karu zuwa 20 mm at karkata daga 18 digiri. Wannan tank aka kaddamarda da T-26-1 (da aka sani da T-26 model 1939 a zamani kafofin). M yunkurin karfafa gaban panel zauna unrealized, kamar yadda samar da T-26 da aka zarar tsaya a cikin ni'imar da sauran Tsarin, kamar T-34.

Ba zato ba tsammani, da fama nauyi na T-26 a lokaci daga 1931 zuwa 1939 ya karu daga 8 zuwa 10.25 tons. A hoto a kasa ya nuna da T-26 model 1939, ya, ta hanyar, kuma daga tarin, wanda yana da duniya most tank gidan kayan gargajiya a Kubinka.

Kamar yadda labarin ya fara yaki da T-26

Light tank T-26 karo na farko da suka sashi a cikin yãƙi a lokacin yakin basasa a Spain. Sa'an nan da Tarayyar Soviet, da suka fara a watan Oktoba 1936, tsĩrar ta Republican gwamnati, a total of 281 Tank model 1933

A rukunin farko na tankuna a Republican Spain da aka dauka Oktoba 13, 1936 a tashar jiragen ruwa birnin Cartagena. hamsin-T-26 da kayayyakin gyara, harsasai, da man fetur da kuma game da 80 masu sa kai a karkashin umurnin shugaban 8th raba mechanized birged Kanar S. Krivosheina.

A farko Soviet na'ura, kafa a Cartagena, da aka yi nufi ga shirye-shiryen na kasa tank, amma halin da ake ciki a kusa da Madrid ta zama mafi hadaddun, don haka na farko da goma sha biyar tankuna da aka sa a cikin wani tanki kamfanin, wanda ya dauki umurnin Soviet kyaftin Pol Arman (Latvian zuriya, amma ya girma a Faransa) .

Armand Roth shiga mataki 29 ga Oktoba, 1936 30 km kudu maso yammacin Madrid. Goma sha biyu T-26 sun ci gaba da nisan kilomita 35 a lokacin da goma-kai hari da kuma sa muhimmanci asarar Frankists (ci game da biyu squads Morocco dawakan da biyu bataliyan. Goma sha biyu 75-mm filin bindigogi, hudu wedges CV-33, da kuma ashirin zuwa talatin manyan motoci da soja kaya da aka hallaka ko lalace), da asarar uku T-26 da fetur da bama-bamai da kuma manyan bindigogi wuta.

A farko da aka sani idan akwai wani mai battering rago a cikin tanki yaki ya faru a ranar da wani tanki mutanena su ka kwamandan Lieutenant Semena Osadchego aka fuskanci biyu Italian tankettes CV-33, faduwa daya daga cikinsu a cikin kananan kwari. Wakilan sauran wedgies ƙungiya aka kashe da na'ura-gun wuta.

Machine Captain Armand aka ƙone fetur bam, amma wadanda suka ji rauni kwamandan ci gaba da kai da kamfanin. Ya tank ya hallaka daya da kuma lalace biyu wedges CV-33 igwa wuta. Disamba 31, 1936 Captain P. Arman samu a Star na Hero na Tarayyar Soviet ga hari, da kuma aiki hannu a cikin tsaro na Madrid. Nuwamba 17, 1936 a cikin kamfanin na Armand ne kawai biyar tankuna a fama shiri.

T-26 ta aka yi amfani a kusan dukkanin ayyukan soji na da yakin basasa da kuma nuna magabaci daga cikin German Panzer Division da Italian haske tankuna tankettes CV-33, dauke da makamai ne kawai tare da na'ura bindigogi. A lokacin yakin Guadalajara T-26 magabaci shi ya haka a bayyane yake cewa Italian zanen da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ci gaba mai kama da na farko Italian matsakaici tank "Fiat M13 / 40."

"... kuma muka tashi saukar samurai karkashin matsin da karfe da wuta"

Wadannan kalmomi ne sananne a tsakiyar karni na karshe, da songs gani wani ɓangare na haske tankuna T-26 Soviet-Japanese rikici, wanda ya ci gaba da fama tarihi na tankuna. A farko daga cikin wadannan da aka a karo a watan Yuli na shekara ta 1938 a kusa da Lake Hassan. Musharaka cikin shi 2nd mechanized birged da biyu raba tank battalions da kawai 257 tankuna T-26.

2nd mechanized birged aka kuma kwanan nan nada wani sabon umurnin ma'aikatan, 99% na baya umurnin tsarin (ciki har da birged kwamandan P. Panfilov) da aka kama a cikin kwana uku a matsayin abokan gaba na mutane zuwa gabatar da zuwa yãƙi matsayi. Wannan ya na da wani mummunan tasiri a kan ayyuka na birged a lokacin rikici (misali, ta tankuna da aka gudanar 11 hours, don samun hanyar da 45-km Maris saboda jahilcin da hanya). A lokacin da hari da Japan-aka gudanar Nameless da Zaozernaya tuddai Soviet tankuna hadu da wani da tsari sosai anti-tanki tsaron gida. A sakamakon haka, da tankuna 76 da 9 aka gurbace ƙone. Bayan fadan da ya ƙare, 39 daga wadannan tankuna da aka gano a cikin tanki raka'a, da sauransu - gyara a shagon bene.

A kananan yawan T-26 da kuma tankuna flamethrower dangane da su dauki bangare a fadace-fadace da Japan sojojin a kan Khalkhin Goal a 1939. Our yaki da inji sun m zuwa tank hallaka Japan teams, dauke da makamai Molotov cocktails. Lokacin da low quality welds zama gibba a makamai faranti, da kuma harshen fetur sauƙi sharkaf a cikin ƙungiya daki da kuma engine daki. 37mm igwa irin 95 a Japan huhu tank, duk da mediocre kudi ya ma tasiri da T-26.

A kan Hauwa'u na yakin duniya na biyu

A kan Hauwa'u na da 2nd yakin duniya, da Red Army na da game da 8500 T-26 na duk gyare-gyare. A wannan lokacin, T-26-e su ne da farko a raba teams da haske tankuna (kowace kungiya 256-267 T-26) da kuma raba tank bataliya na bindiga rarrabuwa (10-15 tankuna). A da irin tank raka'a cewa halarci a cikin yakin a yammacin yankuna na Ukraine da Belarus a watan Satumba 1939. Fama da asarar a Poland sun kawai goma sha biyar T-26 ta. Duk da haka, 302 tankuna sha wahala fasaha kasawa a kan Maris.

Su halarci Winter War a Disamba 1939 - Maris 1940 tare da Finland. Light sulke brigades aka sanye take da daban-daban model na tankuna, ciki har da guda biyu, kuma a na daya-hasumiya sanyi, samar daga 1931 zuwa 1939. Wasu battalions aka sanye take da tsohon inji yafi tsirar 1931-1936 gg. Amma wasu tank raka'a aka sanye take da sabon model na 1939. A cikin duka, kashi na Lenvoenokruga ƙidaya a farkon yakin 848 raka'a T-26. Tare da BT da kuma T-28 kasance wani ɓangare na farko tasiri da karfi a lokacin hutu line Mannerheim.

Wannan yaki ya nuna cewa T-26 ne m da kuma ta zane reserves m. Finnish antitank bindigogi zamo 37 mm kuma ko da 20-mm antitank bindigogi saukin shiga na bakin ciki antipulevuyu makamai T-26, da kuma sassa suna sanye take da su, sun sha wahala gagarumin hasarori a lokacin da nasara da Mannerheim Line, a cikin abin da harshen-amai na'ura a kan tushen da T-26 shasi taka leda muhimmiyar rawa.

Yakin duniya na II - karshe yakin da T-26 ta

T-26-E Forms da dalilin sulke sojojin na Red Army a cikin farkon watanni na Jamus mamayewa na Tarayyar Soviet a 1941. A Yuni 1, da kumbon sama jannati ya 10.268 haske tankuna T-26 duk model, ciki har sulke da motocin a kan su shasi. Mafi yawansu ba su kunshi fama motocin a Soviet mechanized kungiyar soja a iyakar soja gundumomi. Alal misali, Western Special Soja District, da 1136 irin wannan inji on 22 Yuni 1941 (52% na dukkan tankuna a gundumar). Overall, shi ne 4875, irin tankuna a yammacin soja gundumomi a kan Yuni 1, 1941. Duk da haka, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance ba a shirye domin fama saboda rashin sassa, kamar batura, caterpillars da matafila ƙafafun. Irin wannan raunin sun kai ga abandonment na game da 30% na samuwa T-26 ta sakaci. Bugu da kari, game da 30% na samuwa tankuna da aka kerarre a 1931-1934, kuma sun gaji da sabis rayuwa. Saboda haka, a cikin biyar Soviet yammacin soja gundumomi da aka kewaye 3100-3200 T-26 duk model na da lafiya (game da 40% na kayan aiki), wanda ya kasance kawai dan kadan kasa da adadin Jamus tankuna yi nufi ga mamayewa na Tarayyar Soviet.

T-26 (Model 1938/1939 ta. Musamman) iya jure mafi Jamus tankuna a 1941, amma ya na baya model Panzer III da Panzer IV, halarci "Operation Barbarossa" a watan Yuni 1941. Kuma duk da tank raka'a na Red Army sha wahala nauyi asarar saboda da cikakken iska magabaci daga cikin German "Luftwaffe". Mafi yawa daga cikin T-26 ta aka rasa a cikin watannin farko na yaki, yafi a cikin dakarun na maƙiyi manyan bindigogi da kuma iska buga. Mutane da yawa rurrushe domin fasaha dalilai da kuma saboda rashin kayayyakin gyara.

Duk da haka, a cikin watannin farko na yaki, kuma mun san mai yawa aukuwa jaruntakar da juriya na Soviet tank T-26 ta farkisanci invaders. Alal misali, taro 55 bataliya Panzer kunshi goma sha takwas na daya-hasumiya T-26 da kuma goma sha takwas biyu-hasumiya, yayin da rufe ritaya 117th bindiga rabo a Zhlobin yanki halaka ta goma sha bakwai Jamus inji.

Duk da asarar, da T-26 har yanzu lissafta ga wani gagarumin wani ɓangare na sulke sojojin na Red Army a cikin kaka na 1941 (da yawa daga fasahar zo daga ciki soja gundumomi - Central Asia, da Urals, Siberia, da kuma jera daga Far East). A lokacin yakin, T-26 da aka maye gurbinsu da vastly m T34. Sun kuma halarci a cikin yãƙi da Jamus da kawayensu a cikin yaƙi tsakanin kusa Moscow a 1941-1942., A Battle of Stalingrad da kuma yakin da Caucasus a 1942-1943. Da dama tank raka'a na Leningrad Front amfani da su tankuna T-26 har 1944.

Da shan kashi na Japan Kwantung Army a Manchuria a watan Agusta na shekarar 1945 shi ne na karshe soja aiki a cikin abin da suka kasance sunã yi amfani. A general, ya kamata a lura, da tarihi na tankuna - mai ban mãmaki.