Kundin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen duniya: muna ƙayyade abin da ba'a iya gani

"Kamar yadda masani ya koya," "Zan je karanta litattafai" - za'a iya juyowa waɗannan kalmomi a cikin jawabin yau da kullum. Duk da haka, yana da wuya cewa mun san abin da marubutan suna da 'yancin shigar da asusun zinariya na wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen, kuma a cikin wannan ma'anar wannan abu ne na al'ada na duniya. Wadannan tambayoyi zasu amsa wannan labarin.

Matsalar maganganu

Don tsara ma'anar na al'ada yana da wuya, saboda ana amfani da wannan ma'anar cikin ma'anoni daban-daban. Ga mahimmancin mai magana da harshen, shi ne ainihin manufa, daidaitattun, ga abin da ya kamata ya yi ƙoƙari don. Duk da haka, ba zai zama abin ƙari ba don faɗi cewa, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da littattafai, tsarin da wadannan sigogi na hannu ne kuma ya bambanta dangane da wannan ko wannan lokacin. Don haka, ga Corneille da Racine, masu wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe na duniya sune na farko ne na ayyukan zamanin Antiquity, yayin da tsakiyar zamanai ba su maraba da su sosai ba. Kuma a farkon karni na XIX, ko da akwai 'yan koyo don su ce duk mafi kyau a Rasha an riga an rubuta su. Ku amince: magoya bayan Pushkin, Dostoevsky da Tolstoy, irin waɗannan maganganu suna da ban mamaki.

Wani ra'ayi daban daban

Har ila yau, "wallafe-wallafe-wallafe" ana iya ganewa a wasu lokuta kamar yadda ayyukan da aka halicce kafin zamani. Ko da yake yanzu wannan ra'ayi za a iya la'akari da ɗan littafin, kamar yadda Kafka, Joyce da Proust suka rubuta, tasirin Dali da Malevich sun kasance zinaren zane-zane na zinariya, tun lokacin da aka kawar da ƙananan mutane masu basira.

Bugu da ƙari, duk da gyare-gyaren tarihi, al'amuran wallafe-wallafe na duniya ba su da wani lokaci, duniya da kuma basira. Ko da bayan daruruwan shekaru, bil'adama ya juya zuwa ayyukan Shakespeare, Goethe ko Pushkin, ya fassara su a cikin kalaman daban-daban. Wannan zai yiwu ta wurin zurfin abin da suke ciki, dacewar kowa ga kowa.

Don haka, bari mu haɗu: menene wallafe-wallafe na al'ada sun haɗa da? Books Classics, waɗanda ayyukansu suna karanta a yau.

Harshen gargajiya da "manyan" wallafe-wallafe ɗaya ne kuma iri ɗaya?

Fassarar wallafe-wallafen zuwa "benaye" uku - haruffa, masu launi da taro - sun fito ne kwanan nan. Fiye da gaske, lokacin da aka shirya littattafai masu nishaɗi musamman ga masu karatu na matsakaici. Hanyoyin wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe a cikin al'amuran da dama sun dace da "abubuwan haɓaka". Su masu hankali ne, suna buƙatar babban aiki a kan mai karatu, saninsa. Duk da haka, ana amfani da kalmar nan "na al'ada" ga samfurori da ake kira littattafan furotin, kodayake a cikin ma'anar kaɗan. Misali na wannan zai iya zama masu gane Agatha Christie da kuma rawar Tolkien. Lokacin da masu sha'awar su suka ce wannan littafi ne na wallafe-wallafen duniya, suna nufin cewa "'yan Indiyawan Yammacin" ko "Ubangiji na Zobba" ya zama abin koyi ga masu rubuta marubuta waɗanda suka halitta a cikin wadannan nau'in. Har zuwa ayyukan da ake kira sun kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar masu karatu, yana da wuya a yi hukunci, zargi mai wallafe-wallafen ba ya bada amsar ainihin wannan tambayar.

Jerin duniyar duniya

Ya riga ya zama gargajiya don yin samfurori na littattafan da suka dace don karatun waɗanda suke so su zama mutum mai ilimi. Bude wannan jerin sunayen ayyukan tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Girkanci da Romawa: Homer ("Illyada"), Aeschylus ("Prometheus Chained") da Virgil ("Aeneid"). Wadannan ayyukan suna da ikon haɓakawa don ɗaukakar darajar "classic classic literature". A zamanin tsakiyar zamanai ya zama shimfiɗar jariri, da kerawa J .. F. Villon da Chaucer, da kuma wani iyaka yawan wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu ba tare da marubucin.

Renaissance ya ba mu mahaliccin hotuna na har abada - Shakespeare da Cervantes. Duk da haka, dole ne mu tuna game da Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Lope de Vega, Fransua Rable da sauransu. Kwanan arni na 17 an rubuta Baroque (Pedro Calderon, Gongora) da kuma classic (Racine, Corneille, Moliere). Sa'an nan ya zo cikin zamanin da haske, ya wadãtar da adabi sunayen Voltaire, Rousseau, Goethe da Schiller.

Shekaru na 19 ya bude asalin Byron, Scott, Hoffmann, Hugo, da Po. Wani wuri a cikin tsakiyar karni romanticism maye gurbinsu da m hakikanci da kuma litattafan da Stendhal, Balzac, Dickens.

Juya na karni halin da bayyanar da farko modernist ƙungiyoyi - symbolism (Verlaine, Rimbaud, Wilde), naturalism (Zola) da kuma Impressionist (Knut Hamsun). Bugu da kari, abin da ake kira sabon wasan kwaikwayo (Ibsen, Shaw, Maeterlinck) yana samun shahararren, yana neman gaba ɗaya don sake tunani game da na'urorin wasan kwaikwayo. Littafin karni na ashirin da aka wallafa littattafan wallafe-wallafe da littafi na zamani (wanda aka ambata Kafka, Proust da Joyce), yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi gaba-garde - surrealism, dadaism, expressionism. Kashi na biyu na karni na ƙarshe ya nuna alamar Brecht, Camus, Hemingway da Marquez. Zaka kuma iya magana game da ayyukan zamani, wanda ya zama na al'ada (Pavic, Ziyskind).

'Yan marubuta na Rasha

Likitoci na Rasha shine, haƙiƙa, tattaunawar raba. Shekaru na XIX da XX sun bude sunayen Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, Fet, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Blok, Gorky, Esenin, Bulgakov, Sholokhov ... Daga ayyukan su, an tsara kundin tsarin wallafe-wallafen Rasha da na duniya.