Kisa na Charles 1 (30 Janairu 1649) a London. The Na biyu yakin basasa a Ingila

A kan wani sanyi Janairu safe a 1649 a kan wani scaffold, kafa a cikin zuciya na London, ya bai tashi na kowa laifi, da kuma sarki, umartarku da mutãnensa ashirin da shekaru hudu. A wannan rana, kasar ta kammala na gaba mataki na tarihi, kuma ya zama karshe kisan Charles 1. A Ingila, da ranar taron da aka ba alama a kan kalanda, amma ta tafi har abada a cikin tarihi.

A Scion na mai daraja Rod Stewart

Stuart - daular, ya zo daga wani tsohon Scottish gidan. Its wakilan, ba kawai mamaye Turanci da kuma Scotland kursiyin, kamar yadda babu wanda kuma bar wani alama a cikin tarihi na jihar. Su tadawa yana nufin farkon na XIV karni, a lokacin da Count Walter Stewart (Steward) auri 'yar sarki Robert na da Bruce. Wuya aure aka riga da wani romantic labarin, mafi m, da Turanci monarch dauke shi domin amfanin ƙarfafa alliance da dangantaka da Scottish aristocracy.

Charles da farko, da ban tausayi rabo daga abin da zai je magana a cikin wannan labarin ne zuriyar daya girma Earl Walter, kuma kamar yadda ya kasance da Stuart daular. Da haihuwa ya kasance "farin ciki" jama'a na nan gaba Nuwamba 19, 1600, an haife shi a wani tsohon mazaunin Scottish wadanada - Denfermlinskom Palace.

Ga m Accession da kursiyin kuma akwai wani kadan Carl impeccable provenance - mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin Scotland, James VI, kamar yadda Uwar Sarauniyar Ingila Anna Datskaya. Duk da haka, al'amarin washe wana, Henry, Prince of Wales, an haife shida shekaru a baya, sabili da haka wanda ya fi mai da hankali dama ga kambi.

Kullum rabo ya ba musamman m zuwa Carl, ba shakka, idan da za a iya ce game da yaron daga gidan sararta. Kamar yadda yaro ya kasance mai sickly yaro, da ɗan retarded, sabili da haka daga baya fiye da takwarorina fara yin tafiya da magana. Ko a lokacin da a 1603 mahaifinsa gaji English kursiyin, da kuma koma London, Karl iya ba bi shi kamar yadda kotu likitoci sun ji tsoron cewa ba zai tsira hanya.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa jiki rauni da m tare da shi duk rayuwarsa. Ko a kan gaba hoto na artist ne ba su iya ba da wannan monarch wani abu kamar majestic bayyanar. Eh, da kuma ci gaban da Charles Stewart 1 kasance kawai 162 cm.

A hanya zuwa ga sarautarsa

A 1612 wani taron ya faru da cewa m da rabo daga cikin dukan Charles. A cikin wannan shekara a birnin London ya barke wani mummunan annoba da typhus, daga abin da ba shi yiwuwa a boye ko a cikin ganuwar da Royal Castle. Abin farin ya ba da suka ji rauni, saboda ya kasance a wannan lokaci, a Scotland, amma da cutar ya zama wanda aka azabtar ya wana, Henry, wanda daga haihuwa shirya gudanar da mulki a kasar, da kuma wanda duk high jama'a da high tsammanin.

Mutuwarsa bude Carl hanya zuwa ikon, da kuma kusa a Westminster Abbey, inda ya huta da tokar Henry gama zaman makoki bikin, ya aka dagagge zuwa ga Prince of Wales Rank - magaji zuwa kursiyin, da kuma a lokacin na gaba shekara da ransa da aka cika da dukan shirye-shirye domin gudanar da irin wannan babban manufa.

Lokacin da Carl yana da shekara ashirin, mahaifinsa ya halarci wani na'ura na gaba rayuwar iyali, aure a matsayin magaji ne wani al'amari na zalla siyasa da bata da wannan fatar shi a kan harbi ba su yarda. James VI su zabi tsaya a kan Spanish Infanta Anna. Wannan shawarar da outraged yan majalisar dokokin wanda ba ya so dynastic rapprochement tare da cocin jihar. Neman gaba, ya kamata a lura da cewa nan gaba kisan Charles 1 zai yi sun fi mayar da addini m, kuma haka majinyata-shawarci zabi na amarya shi ne mataki na farko zuwa gare shi.

Duk da haka, a wannan lokacin akwai wani alamun damuwa, da kuma Carl tafi Madrid da muradin kaina shiga tsakani a cikin aure tattaunawar, da kuma a lokaci guda kuma dubi amarya. A ango aka tare da fi so, ko kuma wajen, da lover ya baba - George Villiers. A cewar masana tarihi, Korol Yakov VI da babban da m zuciya, a cewa ya yi daidai ba ne kawai da Ladies, amma kuma su m mazajensu.

Don da cizon yatsa na Turanci kotu, a Madrid, tattaunawar kai wani rushewar, a matsayin Spanish gefen da'awar da yarima yarda na Katolika, kuma shi ne cikakken ba m. Charles da kuma sabon aboki George aka haka m da obstinacy na Spain, cewa a kan dawowarsa gida, ka tambayi majalisar ya karya tare da su fādar sarki, da kuma ko da saukowa wani expeditionary kungiyar soja da za su gudanar fama ayyukan. Shi ba a san abin da zai duk zo ga ƙarshe, amma sa'a, a wancan lokacin ya juya sama mafi amenable amarya - 'yar Faransa sarki Henry IV, Henrietta Maria, wanda ya zama matarsa, da kuma watsi da amarya a kwantar da hankula.

A kwalkwali

1 Carl Stuart hau kan karaga bayan rasuwar tsohonsa, a 1625, da kuma daga ranar farko ta fara karo da majalisar dokokin kasar, ya bukaci ya bãyar da ita ga kowane irin soja Kasadar. Kada samun ake so (da tattalin arzikin tafi guda), ya kasance sau biyu ya wargaza, amma kowane lokaci da aka tilasta kira sake. A sakamakon haka, dole nufin King samu, propped yawan doka, kuma onerous haraji. Tarihi yana cike da irin wannan misalai na short-gani wadanada plugged kasafin kudin ramukan, tightening haraji.

A wadannan shekaru kuma kawo inganta. Abokinsa ya kuma fi so George Villiers, bayan mutuwar James VI karshe koma cikin dakuna na Charles, aka zarar kashe. Wannan juya a kira su da wani scoundrel ne m, ga abin da ya biya, tsunduma a tattara haraji. Ba tare da ciwon yar alamar mas'ala ta da tattalin arziki, da kawai hanyar da replenishing cikin taskar Sarki, ko da yaushe dauki sabon da kuma sabon levies, bugun fanareti, gabatarwar daban-daban monopolies, da kuma irin matakan. Kisa na Charles 1, m ga ashirin-shekara ta huɗu ta sarautarsa, ya mai cancanta na karshe na wannan shiri.

Ba da da ewa bayan Vilersoma kisan kai, daga cikin da'irar na kotu tsaya a yawa Tomas Uentvort, wanda ya iya yi a zamanin mulkin Charles da farko m aiki. Shi ne ya ra'ayin kafa a jihar da cikakkar sarauta da iko, Allaha a kan yau da kullum da sojojin. Daga baya ya zama Halĩfa a Ireland, ya samu nasarar sa a cikin yi da shirin, wuta da takobi suppressing amincewarsa.

A gyara, wanda ya sa zaman tankiya a Scotland

Charles I nuna babu tanadi da kuma rikicin addini-tsage kasashen. Gaskiyar ita ce, Scotland ta yawan kagaggun kunshi mabiya Puritan da Presbyterian majami'u na zuwa biyu na da yawa siffofin Protestantism.

An sau da yawa aiki a matsayin wata hujjar da rikici tare da wakilan da Anglican Church, mamaye a Ingila, da kuma goyan bayan da gwamnatin. Yarda ya nemi wani jayayya, da Sarkin kokarin m matakan fiye kafa ta mamayar, wanda ya sa fushin da Scots, da kuma ƙarshe kai ga zubar da jini.

Duk da haka, babban kuskure ne, da tarzomar yakin basasa a Ingila, kisa na Charles 1 da m rikicin siyasa, ya kamata a yi la'akari sosai da rashin lafiya-ɗauki cikinsa, kuma ineptly biyã manufofin da Scotland. A wannan mafi masu bincike sunyi ijma'i haka baƙin cikin shine ya kawo karshen mulkin.

The main mayar da hankali aikinsa ya karfafa Unlimited sarauta da kuma ecclesiastical dalĩli. Wannan siyasa ya fraught tare da sosai mummunan sakamakon. A Scotland, daga zamanin da koyarwan, ya} unshi jajircewar da dama azuzuwan da kuma kafa dokar inviolability na masu zaman kansu dukiya, kuma zuwa gare su da cewa da fari da kuma encroached monarch.

A takaice-sightedness daga gidan sarauta, da manufofin

Komai, ya kamata a lura da cewa biography na Charles 1 kasance mai ban tausayi ba kawai saboda purported manufofin, amma saboda hanyoyin da za a aiwatar da su. Ayyukansa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, tsãwa mike da talauci tsara, ko da yaushe evoked m haushinka, kuma ya taimaka wajen karfafa 'yan adawa.

A 1625 sarki rabu da mafi yawan Scottish nobility, bayar da umarni, wanda ya shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin "dokar a kan soke dokar." A cewar wannan takarda, da yanke shawarar soke dukan sarakunan Ingila, tun 1540, da canja wurin da mallaki ƙasar gentry. Don ajiye su cikin masu yi yi cikin taskar a ware Naira Miliyan Xari daidaita da darajar ƙasar.

Bugu da kari, wannan hukuncin da umarnin komawa zuwa ga Church of England ta ƙasar, waɗanda suke a Scotland, da kuma kama ta a lokacin canji, Protestantism ya kafa a kasar da cewa halin shafi addini bukatun na jama'a. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa bayan da promulgation irin wannan m daftarin aiki da aka sallama wa sarki mai yawa ro na rashin amincewa da wakilan sassa na al'umma. Duk da haka, ba kawai ya yi ya pointedly ki shawara, amma kuma ya dada tabarbare shi halin da ake ciki ta hanyar gabatar da sabon haraji.

A gabatarwa da episcopate da yarjejeniyoyin da na Scottish majalisar

Daga farkon zamanin mulkinsa, Charles na fara sa a gaba ga babban ofishin Anglican bishops. Ya kuma an bã yawancin kujerun a cikin sarauta majalisa, wanda rage muhimmanci da wakilci na Scottish nobility a shi, ya kuma ba da wani sabon dalilin rashin biyan bukata. A sakamakon Scottish aristocracy aka cire daga ikon da hana damar da sarki.

Tsoron da tabbatarwa daga 'yan adawa, da sarki, da a cikin 1626 da kusan dakatar da ayyukan da Scottish majalisar, da kuma ta kowane hali bari babban taron na Majalisar na Church of Scotland, a cikin abin da bauta wa da tsari da aka gabatar da wani yawan hanya Anglican canons. Shi ne mai m kuskure, da kuma aiwatar da Charles 1, wanda ya zama m karshen mulkinsa, aka makawa sakamako na irin wannan auna daidai ba.

Da fashewa daga cikin yakin basasa

Lokacin da akwai wani magana game da ƙeta na hakkokin siyasa na nobility, cewa wadannan ayyuka sa da zanga-zanga a su tsallaka kadarori da'irar, amma a yanayin saukan take hakkin addini norms - King rarraba wani dukan al'umma. Wannan sake sa ta kwarara disturbances da kuma zanga-zangar da koke-koke. Kamar karshe lokaci, Sarkin ki ganin su, ya kuma zuba mai a kan wuta ta aiwatar da daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki petitioners, caji shi tare da saba a irin haka ne, lura da cin amanar kasa.

Walƙiya fashe da foda mujallar na Scotland, an yi yunkurin rike wani Yuli 23, 1637 a Edinburgh sabis, gina a kan tushen da Anglican ibadar. Wannan ya sa ƙeta doka ba kawai 'yan asalin, amma kuma bude haddin shari'a da ta share yawa na kasar, da kuma gangara a tarihi a matsayin na farko da yakin basasa. A halin da ake ciki escalated kowace rana. Shugabannin daraja adawa da aka tsara da kuma aika wa Sarkin rashin amincewa da dan hanya zuwa ga mutane na coci gyara, kuma da tartsatsi Yunƙurin na Anglican episcopate.

Kokarin sauƙaƙa da yanayi na sarki, a kan tilas cire daga Edinburgh mafi aiki adawa, kawai aggravated general rashin biyan bukata. A sakamakon haka, a karkashin matsin lamba daga abokan adawarsa, Charles I aka tilasta su yarda, cire ƙi mutane daga cikin bishops na sarauta majalisa.

A sakamakon da janar tashin, ya babban taron na National Convention na Scotland, kunsha na wakilai daga duk zamantakewa strata, da kuma jagoranci ta hanyar wakilan da mafi aristocracy. Mahalarta taron da aka kõma sama da kuma sanya hannu kan wata manifesto kan hadin gwiwa mataki a fadin Scottish al'umma da yunkurin yin wani canje-canje zuwa ga addini tushe. A kwafin daftarin aiki da aka mika wa sarki, da kuma da ya tilasta yarda. Duk da haka, wannan ya kasance ne kawai ta wucin gadi lull, da kuma darasi na monarch na talakawansa, ba su tafi ba a store. Saboda haka, da kisan Charles Stewart 1 kasance da ma'ana culmination na sarkar da ya kuskure.

New yakin basasa

Wannan girman kai, amma sosai m m yanke wani matalauci adadi a wani bangare na zama ƙarƙashin mulkin - Ireland. Akwai ya ga wani da sosai m sakamako wa'adi da kariya ga gida Katolika, duk da haka, tun da ya karbi kudi daga gare su, sa'an nan Na manta game da dukan kõme. Saboda haka fushi da za a bi, da Dan Ailan dauki makamai domin yin amfani da shi zuwa refresh žwažwalwar ajiya na sarki. Duk da cewa a lokacin da Charles I karshe rasa da goyon bayan nasa majalisar dokokin kasar, kuma tare da shi masu rinjaye na yawan jama'ar, ya yi kokari tare da kananan yawan m regiments, da ikon canza halin da ake ciki. Saboda haka, Agusta 23, 1642, na biyu yakin basasa a Ingila.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa Charles I ne kawai a matsayin m kamar yadda mai mulki. Idan a farkon tashin da ya gudanar ya lashe wasu kyawawan sauki nasarori, da Yuli 14, 1645 sojoji suka sarai sha kashi a yakin Naseby. Ba wai kawai abin da sarki ya kasance a cikin thrall nasa batutuwa, haka kuma, a cikin sansanin da aka kama da archive cewa ya ƙunshi wani tsararru na duk compromising. A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa suka baza siyasa da kuma kudi zamba, kazalika da jiyya ga soja taimakon kasashen waje.

lashe fursuna

Har 1647, Charles I da aka gudanar fursuna a Scotland a matsayin. Duk da haka, ko da a cikin wannan unenviable rawa ya ci gaba da yi yunkurin gudanar da shawarwari tare da wakilan} ungiyoyin siyasa da kuma addini ƙungiyoyi, da kariminci bada fitar da dama da hagu a kan wa'adin da cewa babu wanda zai yi imani da shi. A karshen, da masu gadi cire shi daga kadai zai yiwu amfani, canja wurin (sayar da) na ɗari huɗu da dubu fam Sterling zuwa Turanci majalisar. Stuart - daular, ya gani da yawa a cikin rayuwa, amma wannan kunya ta bai yi kwarewa.

Da zarar a London, hambararren sarki da aka sanya a Golmbach kulle, sa'an nan canjawa wuri zuwa fadar Hampton Court, a karkashin gidan kama. Akwai, Charles yana da wani real damar komawa zuwa ikon, yarda da tayin da wanda ya sa aka kusata da a shahararren siyasa adadi na zamanin Oliver Kromvel, ga wanda da kisan Charles 1, wadda ta zama ta lokaci shi ne real, ya disadvantageous.

A sharuddan samarwa da sarki, bai dauke da wani tsanani hani sarauta da iko, amma sai ya rasa damar. So zuwa ma fi girma asasshe, kuma tun fara sirrin tattaunawar tare da daban-daban kungiyoyin siyasa da na kasar, Karl evaded wani kai tsaye amsa Cromwell, tare da sakamakon cewa ya rasa haƙuri kuma ya ba har shirin. Saboda haka, da kisan Charles 1 Stuart da aka sani kawai wani al'amari lokaci.

Ban tausayi denouement kara ya gudu zuwa tsibiri na Wight, located in English Channel, kusa da British Coast. Duk da haka, wannan kasada ƙare a faduwa, sakamakon gidan kama a fādar da aka maye gurbinsu a gidan yari, a wani kurkuku cell. Daga can, tsohon monarch kokarin agazawa Baron Artur Capel, wanda Karl ya taba yi a tsara da kuma gina a kan saman da matsayi na kotun. Amma, ba da ciwon isa rundunõnin, ya zarar samu kansa a baya sanduna.

Fitina da kuma kisa na hambararren Sarkin

Babu shakka cewa mafi halayyar alama ce ta wannan Scion na Rod Stewart da wani penchant ga rikici, wanda shi ne sakamakon shi ga lalacewa. Alal misali, bada m wa'adi Cromwell, ya kuma kai asiri tattaunawar da abokan adawarsa daga majalisar dokokin kasar, da kuma samun kudi daga Katolika, suka kuma goyan bayan da Anglican bishops. Kuma da sosai kisan Sarki Charles 1 da aka ƙwarai kara saboda gaskiyar cewa ko da yayin da a karkashin kama shi, ya ba ta gushe ba aikawa da kira zuwa zãluncin rarraba jama'a a ko'ina, cewa matsayinsa ya da cikakken hauka.

A sakamakon haka, mafi yawan regiments sallama zuwa majalisar wata takarda m shari'ar tsohon sarki. Shi ne a cikin 1649, da kuma ya dade da wani abu da suka gabata fatan, da wanda Birtaniya jama'a gaishe da ya koma sama zuwa kursiyin. Maimakon haka, mai hikima da kuma ganin kusa da manufofin, ya samu touchy da iyaka mai kasada.

Don gudanar da gwaji na Charles I na majalisar da na nada ɗari da talatin da biyar kwamishinoni, wanda aka kai da wani shahararren lauya a lokacin Dzhon Bredshou. A kisa Sarki Charles 1 da aka shãfe haske a gaba, kuma ta haka ne da dukan hanya ba dauki dogon. Tsohon monarch, wani mutum jiya umartarku da wani iko, da aka hada baki gane kamar yadda mai tanƙwasawa, m kuma maƙiyi daga cikin fatherland. A fili yake cewa kawai zai yiwu jumla ga irin wannan tsanani laifi zai iya zama mutuwa.

A kisa Sarki Charles 1 da aka gudanar a farkon safe na Janairu 30, 1649 a London. Don ba shi hakkinsa - ko da ya tafi zuwa ga scaffold, ya kiyaye da halartowar zuciya, kuma ya juya zuwa ga taru taron da mutuwa magana. Yana hukunta, ya ce cewa,} ungiyoyin 'yancin walwala da' yanci suna bayar kawai ta gaban gwamnatin da kuma dokokin tabbatar da rayuwa na 'yan kasa da mutunci da dukiya. Amma a lokaci guda ba ba mutane da dama a isa ga gudun na kasar. A monarch da taron, ya ce, - yana da wani mabanbanta ra'ayi.

Saboda haka, ko da a kofar mutuwa, Karl kare da ka'idodinta absolutism, wanda ke da mabiya suka dukkan Stewart. Ingila har yanzu dogon hanyar da tafi kafin cikakken kafa a tsarin mulki daular mulkinsu, da kuma mutanen da ya saba wa nasa ra'ayin yana da damar shiga cikin gwamnati. Duk da haka, wannan tushe, an riga an aza.

Bisa ga memoirs na Sahaban, da kisan Sarki Charles 1 janyo wata babbar taro na mutanen da suke cikin wannan jini spectacle a Jihar kusa buga. A koli zo a lokacin da Executioner gudanar up da ciwo mai tsananin shugaban da gashi na tsohon sarki. Duk da haka, na gargajiya, a irin haka ne, kalmomi a kan cewa shi nasa jihar laifi kuma m, ba ƙaho.

Saboda haka, a cikin 1649 na saka na jini karshen zamanin mulkin wannan sarki. Duk da haka, mafi kafa shekara goma sha ɗaya, da kuma a cikin tarihi na Ingila zo a lokacin da ake kira Restoration Stuarts, a lokacin da sake sunã tãkãwa zuwa kursiyin da wakilan wannan tsoho tseren. Na biyu yakin basasa da kuma aiwatar da Charles 1 da ta share fage.