Oliver Cromwell: biography na shugaba. Historical sakamakon protectorate na Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell - shi ne daya daga cikin shahararrun Figures na Birtaniya jihar. Sami daraja da gode wa soja nasarori da kuma sauye-sauye.

Biography: Kromvel Oliver. A takaice: rai kafin yaki,

An haife shi a 1599 a Huntingdon County. mai masauki iyali ya matalauta da matsayin na Turanci Elite na lokaci. Oliver zuri'a za a iya gano a mayar da mulkin na Henry Sabunta. Sai a wannan lokaci da HALITTAR ya iya yin arziki, qwatar ƙasar coci, da kuma, mai yiwuwa, don samun mafi girma take. Daya tsara Cromwell ya kusa da sarki, da kuma Tomas Kromvel ko da aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara Henry 8 shekaru.

A tsakiyar gundumar - wannan birni Huntingdon - Oliver samu ya firamarensa. Family tsananin bin da Puritan "ruhu". Saboda haka, kara nazarin Cromwell ci gaba a Sidney Sussex College, wanda aka sani na da hadisai da kuma Protestant Calvinism, waxanda suke da haka muhimmi a Puritanism. Ilimi Legal Sciences Thomas ya ba wa liking, kuma ya zarar ta fita. A nema na dangi, sai ya ɗauki matarsa da 'yar wani kananan mallaki gidaje.

A farkon yakin basasa

A farkon 17th karni a kasar Birtaniya da aka girma rashin biyan bukata da gwamnatin tsakiya. A cikakkar daular mulkinsu na Sarki Charles I bai iya gudanar da wani zama dole sake fasalin. Monarch, dangane da Church of England, ya rage muhimmanci da tasiri na majalisar dokokin kasar. Wannan taimake shi ya mayar da tsohon kasa haraji da kuma kula da tsarin. Irin wannan rikirkida sun sa fushi daga cikin mutane, wanda ya haifar da tawaye.

Magoya bayan Puritanism aka wakilta a majalisar dokokin kasar da dama jam'iyyun, mafi yawan abin da suka tsakaita magoya bayan adana ecclesiastical dalĩli. Amma bangare na ha] e halitta wata ƙungiya "Roundheads" - wani m Protestant kungiyar, da manufar wanda ya ta hanyar juyin juya hali kifar da monarch. Yana da aka karkashin jagorancin Oliver Cromwell.

Ironsides sojan doki

A farkon yakin basasa za a iya dauke da wani ƙoƙari mara nasara da Sarki don ya kama biyar 'yan majalisar dokokin. Bayan haka, bangarorin biyu suka fara tattara sojojinsa. The Royal Army yana da wani iko da mahayan cewa ya ba ta wata babbar riba. Majalisar sojojin kunshi mayakan sa wanda da farko ya dauki sama da makamai. A sa'an nan da Cromwell yanke shawarar kirkiro tawagar da mahayan dawakai, wanda ya iya yaƙi da baya da sarauta sojojin doki.

Oliver kansa ba soja da kuma ba su tafi ba ta horo, amma shekaru zemlevladelchestva ba shi da wani ra'ayin game da hawa. A farkon yakin, ya zama kyaftin na doki detachment hamsin mutane. Ya sanar da su don kai farmaki a cikin sahu, kuma hari daga flank. A lokacin fama, da mahayan na Cromwell gudanar gefe da gefe da kai hari yanki daya, yayin da kuma sarauta sojojin doki, kunsha na wani babba-aji mutane, sun kai hari da ka. Innovations sauri bada sakamakon, kuma Oliver Cromwell zama shugaban shahara kungiyar "Ironsides mahayan dawakansa."

Fama naúrar ya game 2 dubu mayakan. Dukan su da aka gwada da kuma m selection. Kowane soja ya mai himma taimako ga Protestant da Puritan. Oliver Cromwell ya haramta shan giya da cãca da a sansanin wakkala a gare shi da kungiyar. Exemplary hali da kuma tsananin horo yana da tsanani farfaganda tasiri. Local mutane ganin darajarsa abstainers mayakan da massively shiga cikin sojojin 'yan majalisa. A sansanin da aka baje dogara matsayi na asali. Saboda haka, naúrar aka musamman kusa-saƙa da kuma sada zumunci. Domin ƙarfin hali da kuma ɗaure a kan a fagen yaƙi da sojan doki na Cromwell samu da sunan "Ironsides".

shawo Arewa

By tsakiyar bazara shekarar 1644, majalisar sojojin sun gudanar da kewaye na York - babban karfi na sarauta (royalist) gwamnati a Arewa. Bangarorin biyu gane da m dabarun muhimmancin birnin, saboda haka, kasaftawa ga wannan bangaren da mafi kyau sojojin. Korol Karl ya aiko da dan Rupert ga taimakon da kewaye, saboda tsoron sa birnin sansanin. Kwatsam reinforcements tilasta sojojin koma baya 'yan majalisa. Karfafawa bisa wannan nasara, Prince Rupert shiga up tare da sauran na sarauta sojojin da tafi Marson Moor, da nufin karya da sojojin "Roundheads".

Yuli 2nd hannunka gina domin yaƙi, jiran yaƙi. Shahararren "Gentlemen" a cikin adadin 6000, sun yi tsayayya da ƙungiya daga mahayan dawakai wanda ya jagoranci Oliver Cromwell. Kwamandan bar a ajiye a kananan mutanena su ka na Irish mahaya to m yanayi. A Cavaliers zo zuwa Marson-Moore 17000th sojojin. Yan majalisa sun for 10 dubu more. Amma yaƙi ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan mahayan ayyukan. Cromwell aka located a dama reshe. Ya yi umurni da maza ba su fada baya bayan kai harin, da kuma aiki a matsayin guda mahaluži. Rupert da sojojin doki ya nuna lancers tare da dogon māsu, wanda buga da mahaya zuwa kai tsaye adawa.

Yãƙi a cikin Marson-Moore

A 5 pm riga ya fara na farko bombardment. Bayan 2 chasa taka leda bututu da kuma detachment Cromwell garzaya kai farmaki. Cikin galloping dakaru a wani m yaƙi. Daga farko minti na royalists fara tura abokan adawar. Shafi ingantaccen magabaci mayakan. All mahaya sun Rupert yara horar a asali soja craft. Oliver Cromwell ya samu rauni a yaki da kuma tsallake zuwa bandeji. A wannan lokaci, da ya yi umurni da ajiye tawagar buga flank na "Gentlemen." Rawar daji ta haifa 'ya'yan, da makiya kãsa. Kuma sai na taka leda Oliver fare a kan hari a m samuwar. Ma gaba daya a kan wani babban yanki mahaya Rupert iya yin haɗi zuwa tsara juriya, yayin da wakilan majalisar sojojin riga sake tsarafa da kuma guda mahaluži kaddamar da wani sabon hari.

Sakamako na yaƙi

Godiya ga wani nasara da sojan doki mataki na Cromwell, da dare royalists aka gaba daya hallaka. A fagen yaƙi zauna kwance 4,000 sojoji, fiye da dubu da aka kama. Army yan majalisa rasa kawai 300 sojoji.

Da shan kashi na sarauta sojojinta daga Marson-Moore shi ne na farko da gagarumin nasarar da 'yan tawaye. Shawo York yarda da 'yan majalisa wajen saka idanu da dukan Arewa. Cromwell ta sojan doki tabbatar a yi da magabaci na wani sabon hari dabara a cikin sahu. Tsananin sauti, Prince Rupert ce cewa Oliver Cromwell, "tabbas Ironsides, sau iya mu lashe" (babu hukuma tabbaci na kalamai).

Oliver Cromwell: Lieutenant-Janar na 'yan majalisar dokoki sojojin

Nuna Cromwell janar basira sanya shi shugaban dukan sojojin hari majalisar. Ya nan da nan ya fara da samuwar sojojin sabon model, da misali daga cikin "Ironsides" mahaya. A absolutist Ingila samu jami'in da darajõji dangane da matsayi a cikin al'umma. A sabon sojoji, wannan mulkin da aka soke. Babban matsayi da ake gudanar da jama'ar da suka nuna su da basira a yi. Wannan ya taimaka cohesion da kuma hadin kai na sojoji. Har ila yau, wadannan canje da aka amince da mutane. Manoma da kananan gidan haya karfe taro a haɗe zuwa 'yan majalisar dokokin.

New model sojojin

Uku sababbu sojojin an gama tattaunawa tare da akayi daban-daban da kuma kai tsaye ƙarƙashin kawai warlords, su aka tuba a cikin daya, lambobi 22 da mutane dubu. da tsauraran sharudda da horo ga take hakkin wanda aka dangana wa daban-daban fenariti da aka aza. A morale na sojoji da goyan bayan da limaman. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance ba kai tsaye a fagen yaƙi, sa a kan baki riguna. Addini horo mayakan a cikin ruhu na Puritanism, Cromwell a haɗe musamman muhimmancin.

A kan Hauwa'u na da wakilan, a gabacin ƙasa, wanda bayar bukatun sojojin, ya ce rashin iyawa ci gaba da tallafa. Army reorganization zai rage kudi halin kaka. Baftisma na sabuwar majalisar dokokin kasar da sojojin samu a wurin yaƙi a Nesbit, ta samu gagarumar nasara a kan "Gentlemen."

Cromwell ta sarautar

Bayan da karshe nasara a kan Cavaliers yan majalisa sun iya tsayar da iko. Oliver Cromwell ya jagoranci kasar. Ubangiji Maji (Cromwell suna) kafa amincewa da mulkin kama karya da kuma "baƙin ƙarfe" umarni. Ya dogara da goyon bayan da ya fada yan'uwansu, wanda bayan da yaki ya shagaltar da key kociya matsayi. Wadannan mutane sun kasance gaskiya Cromwell tare da wassu sharudda cika dukan umarni. Ƙi ya karɓi muƙamin na King, Cromwell zahiri tabbatar da Republican matsayi na Ingila.

haraji tsarin da aka bita. Duk da babban hanyoyi (musamman kayayyaki hanyar) ne gaba daya sarrafawa da sojojin. A wannan lokaci ya fara tawaye a Scotland da kuma Ireland. Cromwell da kaina ya shugabanci wata runduna zuwa kashe su. Bayan tanadi domin, ya mayar da ikon majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma House Iyayengiji. All sarki magoya bayan an tursasa da kuma tsananta. A Iyayengiji da ke goyon bayan Royalists a cikin yakin basasa, kãma dukiya dole ga garambawul. Wadannan ayyuka da aka yi marhabin Calvinists da kowa mutane.

Mutuwa, kuma alama a kan tarihin

Oliver Cromwell ya mutu a kan Satumba 13, 1658. A dalilin aka zato guba (da wasu masana tarihi yi imani da cewa Ubangiji Maji mutu daga cutar zazzabin). The jana'izar da "baƙin ƙarfe" Oliver ya chic. Amma bayan su a kasar fara hargitsi. All kan Ingila, da kalaman na rashin lafiya da kuma rudani. Majalisar da aka tilasta kira Charles II, ɗan da kashe sarki a kan kursiyin. Bayan crowning Karl umurni iko Cromwell jiki rataya up, sa'an nan a yanka 4 sassa. Tun daga nan, da manoma, da aka haramta ko da ya furta sunan "Oliver Cromwell". Biography Ubangiji yana da na dogon lokaci a karkashin katsalandan.

Cromwell gangara a tarihi a matsayin shahara soja shugaban da kuma kawo canji. A zamanin ya kasance mai mashahuri a cikin kowa mutane. Da manufofin da yake wani Firayim misali na Calvinism da Democracy. A sake fasalin samar Ubangiji Majiɓinci, ne mataki na farko wajen kifar da feudalism. A cikin karni na 20th, sami funerary mask, wanda aka binne shi Oliver Cromwell. Photo binciken kasa. A karshe, aka binne shi kawai a shekarar 1960 a cikin ɗakin sujada na daya daga cikin Cambridge kolejoji.

Idan muka kusanci batun daga tarihi hangen zaman gaba, da shekaru na jamhuriyar da protectorate da wani sakamako a kan makomar Ingila, duk da dukan da sake fasalin da cewa ana gabatar da Oliver Cromwell. Taqaitaccen Tarihin mashawarta Banasare duk da haka kunshe a cikin m horo Hakika shirye-shirye na duk tarihi Birtaniya jami'o'i.