Misalai na juyin juya halin a Rasha da kuma Faransa

Juyin juya halin a matsayin wata hanya ta shafi muhimman hakkokin canji a rayayyen tsari, fara dama zukatan manyan daga ƙarshen XVIII karni. Matsayin mai mulkin, babban juyin juya halin da ake kira mai girma, alama da miƙa mulki daga monarchical zuwa Republican nau'i na gwamnati. Wannan hanya na da wani juyin mulki da ake dangantawa da yawa shafa. Duk aka sani misalai na juyin juya halin - mai ban tausayi ɓangare na tarihin na kowace ƙasa. Bari mu bincika mafi mashahuri upheavals da kuma kokarin amsa wannan tambaya, ko ba a banza ya mutuwar mutanen da suka ba da rayukansu don wani ra'ayin.

Juyin juya halin: a definition

Da farko muna bukatar ayyana Kalmar "juyin juya halin", shi ke nan ba kawai da canji da kuma muhimman hakkokin canji, halin da transience. A general, wannan ra'ayi ba ya |ai ne Yake tarihi. Akwai wani juyin juya halin da a kimiyya (ga wasu mafi muhimmanci samu) a cikin yanayi (ba zato canji wani saituna, mafi sau da yawa, ma'aunan kasa), a zamantakewa da ci gaban (da masana'antu da al'adu juyin juya halin).

Wajibi ne a rarrabe wannan tsari daga cikin sakamakon irin wannan amma daban-daban dabaru da kuma sharuddan. Saboda haka, Kalmar "juyin halitta" na nufin wani sauka a hankali, sosai m canji. Dan kadan sauri da sake fasalin tsari, amma shi ne bã tãre da sakamako tare da walƙiya gudun, da kuma canje-canje ba haka ba ne mai girma.

Wajibi ne a rarrabe tsakanin sharuddan "juyin juya halin" da "juyin mulki". Etymologically, suna da alaka, saboda revolutio fassara daga Latin kuma yana nufin "wani juyin mulki." Duk da haka, manufar juyin juya halin shi ne vastly, shi da dangantaka da canje-canje a duk fannoni na rayuwar zamantakewa, yayin juyin mulkin, a gaskiya - shi ne kawai wani canji na gwamnatin daya m zuwa wani.

A Sanadin da juyin juya hali

Me ya sa ake neman sauyi motsi? Menene ya sa mutane don samun shiga a cikin irin wannan ban tausayi taron, dauke da dubban rayuka? A dalilan ake shibtarsu da yawa dalilai:

1. Rashin biyan bukata da burokrasi da Elite dakushe tattalin arziki gudana. Da wani bango da tattalin arziki ƙi.
2. Ciki Elite yãƙi a tsakãninsu. Sai ya faru da cewa mafi girma strata al'umma - quite rufaffiyar tsarin, wani lokacin rarraba iko. Wannan gwagwarmaya za su iya haifar da wani real bore, idan wani daga cikin tsoma bakin neman goyon bayan jama'a.
3. A juyin juya halin Musulunci janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a. Social tashin sa ta damunsu da kowane fannin rayuwa - daga Elite zuwa sosai kasa.
4. Akidar. Yana dole ne a goyan bayan wani juyin juya hali, da ciwon karo na nasara. dan kasa na iya tsaya a tsakiyar wani addini rukunan ko wata. Janar zai zama gwagwarmaya da zalunci aikata by yanzu gwamnatin da kuma kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.
5. A tabbatacce kuzarin kawo cikas a kasashen waje da manufofin. Allied kasashen ki yarda kuma suka goyi bayan data kasance iko.

Kamar wancan ne, gaban wadannan maki biyar na juyin juya hali iya a yi la'akari wani rabo. Misalai juyin bayyana shi da cewa ba a ko da yaushe complied tare da duk maki biyar, amma mafi dauki wuri a cikin irin wannan maras tabbas yanayi.

Ƙayyadaddu na Rasha juyin

M canje-canje a cikin zaman jama'a da tattalin arziki domin halin da yawa Amirka. Misalai na juyin juya halin za a iya samu a kusan dukkan kasashen Turai, a Amurka. Duk da haka, ta taba kawo irin wannan ban tausayi sakamakon, kamar yadda a Rasha. A nan, kowane Rasha juyin juya halin iya warware ba kawai a jihar tsarin, amma kuma kasar kanta. Wadanne dalilai?

Da fari dai, musamman dangantaka tsakanin matsayi tsani. Tsakanin su babu "hada guda biyu", ikon Elite kuma akwai gaba daya ware daga mutane. Saboda haka - kuma wuce kima tattalin arziki ikon bukatun ga ƙananan azuzuwan, mafiya yawansu rayuwa cikin talauci. Matsalar da aka ba a wuce kima zari na mafi girma yadudduka, da kuma ba shi yiwuwa a gano da rai na "kasa" saboda ajizai iko na'ura. Duk wannan ya kai ga gaskiya cewa "top" na da ikon zama dole mallaki mutane da ƙwãce.

Na biyu, da ci-gaba m, qazanta wani sauyi ra'ayin gabatar m na'urar ma utopian saboda kasa management kwarewa.

Ya kamata ka kuma yi la'akari da peculiarities na haukan Rasha adam ikon jure zalunci na dogon lokaci, sa'an nan kuma a lokaci guda "fashewa."

Duk wadannan siffofin da zama a springboard kafa Bolshevism, wanda ya jagoranci juyin juya halin kasar Rasha.

1905: na farko juyin juya halin

A farko juyin juya halin a Rasha faru a Janairu 1905. Ta kasance ba sosai da sauri, saboda kawai ya ƙare a cikin Yuni 1907.

The abubuwan da ake bukata su ne karu a cikin kudi da tattalin arziki da kuma masana'antu, da amfanin gona kasawa, da tara jama'a bashi zuwa wani babban size (a cikin wannan laifi da yaki da Turkey). Cikin dukanin da ake bukata garambawul: daga gwamnati a ƙasa kafin yin wani canje-canje a jihar tsarin. Bayan da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom masana'antu management system bukata aiki. Baƙauye aiki ya talauci motsa, a gaskiya zauna a juna alhakin, al'umma ƙasa da m raguwa a Holdings.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa 1905 juyin juya halin da mai kyau tallafi daga waje: a cikin shakka daga cikin yaki tare da kasar Japan ta sanar tallafawa ta'addanci da kungiyoyin neman sauyi.

Wannan tawayen watsu duk yadudduka na Rasha al'umma - daga peasantry ga kawo dukkan. Juyin juya halin da aka tsara don yanke da ya yi saurã daga mulkin gargajiya serf tsarin, buge da autocracy.

Sakamako na juyin juya halin, 1905-1907

Abin baƙin ciki, da 1905 da juyin juya halin da aka niƙa, ta shiga a matsayin stub a cikin tarihin tarihi, duk da haka, shi ya haddasa muhimmanci canje-canje:

1. Shi ya ba impetus ga Rasha parliamentarism: gwamnatin jiki da aka kafa.
2. da sarki ta ikon da aka iyakance ta hanyar kafa na Jihar Duma.
3. Bisa ga manifesto na Oktoba 17 ne 'yan asalin na demokra] iyya da yanci.
4. Matsayi, kuma yanayin aiki sun canja ga mafi alhẽri.
5. Farmers sun zama kasa daura ƙasarsu.

A Fabrairu juyin juya halin a 1917

A Fabrairu juyin juya halin na 1917 ya ci gaba da abubuwan da suka faru na 1905-1907. A autocracy takaici ba kawai ƙananan yadudduka (ma'aikata da manoma), amma bourgeoisie. Wadannan sentiments an muhimmanci aggravated da imperialist yaki.

A sakamakon juyin mulkin, a cikin zaman jama'a da kuma jama'a da gwamnatin da aka jurewa gagarumin canji. da yanayi na juyin juya halin na 1917 ya da wani bourgeois-demokra] iyya. Amma ya ba da wani musamman ainihi. Idan muka dauki misalai na wannan juyin juya halin shugabanci a cikin kasashen Turai, muna ganin cewa tuki da karfi a baya gare su sun kasance ma'aikata, da kuma kifar da daular mulkinsu, baya jari hujja dangantakar (da suka fara samar da ewa ba bayan na jihar canji). Kuma da engine aka suna fama tsari, amma da ikon a kan wa bourgeoisie.

A Rasha Empire ba haka al'amarin: Baya ga gwamnatin wucin, wanda aka karkashin jagorancin mutane daga cikin manya aji na bourgeoisie, akwai wani madadin gwamnatin - Tips, kafa daga wani aji na ma'aikata da manoma. Wannan dual ikon wanzu har Oktoba events.

Babban sakamakon da juyin juya halin a Fabrairu 1917 da aka kama daga gidan sararta da kifar da autocracy.

A Oktoba juyin juya halin a 1917,

Misalai na juyin juya halin a Rasha yana gangarawa, ba shakka, Mai girma Oktoba Socialist juyin juya halin. Yana halin juya cikin shakka daga tarihi ba kawai na Rasha amma kuma duk duniya. Bayan duk, daya daga cikin sakamakon - a hanyar fita daga cikin imperialist yaki.

Jigon da juyin juya halin-juyin juya halin da aka da wadannan: an canja wucin gwamnatin, da kuma ikon a kasar shige zuwa Bolsheviks kuma Hagu SRs. Ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da aka V. I.Lenin.

A sakamakon haka, akwai wani redistribution na siyasa: babban ikon da proletariat ya zama, a ƙasar da aka bai wa manoma, da kuma masana'antu a karkashin ma'aikata 'iko. Akwai wani bakin ciki, ban tausayi sakamako na juyin juya halin - da yakin basasa, ta raba al'umma cikin biyu maƙiya fronts.

A juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi a Faransa

Kazalika a Rasha Empire, a France, da motsi ga kifar da autocracy kunshi dama, saukarwa, kasar tafi, ta hanyar da babban juyin juya hali. Total a tarihi akwai 4. The motsi ya fara ne a 1789 tare da Faransa juyin juya halin.

A cikin shakka daga wannan juyin juya halin nasara a kifar da cikakkar daular mulkinsu da kuma tsayar da farko Jamhuriyar. Duk da haka, shi ya tashi a sakamakon neman sauyi 'yan ta'adda Jacobin mulkin kama karya iya dade ba. Ta da iko a kan wani juyin mulki a 1794.

Juyin juya halin a Yuli 1830 da ake kira "Three daraja kwana." Ta kafa sarautar da m daular mulkinsu na Louis-Philippe I, «King-jama'a", wanda a karshe soke babu makawa dama na sarki da tallafi na dokokin.

A juyin juya halin na 1848 tabbatar da jamhuriya ta biyu. Yana faru saboda Louis Philippe na hankali ya fara motsa daga asali masu sassaucin ra'ayi imani. Ya abdicates. A juyin juya halin na 1848 sanya shi yiwuwa a rike gudanar da zabe a kasar a cikin abin da mutane (ciki har da ma'aikata da kuma sauran "m" strata al'umma) ya zabi Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, dan daga cikin shahararrun Sarkin sarakuna.

Uku Jamhuriyar cewa kawo ƙarshen har abada ga monarchical hanyar rayuwar al'umma, ci gaba a Faransa a watan Satumba 1870. Bayan wani dogon sarautar rikicin Napoleon III yanke shawarar da ya mika wuya (idan akwai wani yaki da Prussia). Gangarawa kasa riko da zaben gaggawa. Ikon da aka canjawa wuri alternately daga monarchists ga 'yan jam'iyyar Republican, kuma kawai a 1871 Faransa majalisu zama shugaban jamhuriyar inda wani popularly zabensa a ikon shekaru 3. Wannan kasa wanzu har 1940.