Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na fats. Samun kitsen da kuma sinadaran Properties

A rukuni na muhimmanci gudanar da mahadi - lipids - tare da steroids da waxes hada da fats. Da abun ciki a cikin rayayyun tantani jeri daga 5 zuwa 10% da bushe cell nauyi. Wadannan abubuwa karatu, dangane da halaye na su kwayoyin tsarin, wanda sa sinadaran Properties na fats. Chemistry na Organic mahadi la'akari da wadannan abubuwa a matsayin samfurin da esterification dauki tsakanin trihydric barasa glycerol kuma mafi girma iyaka ko unsaturated carboxylic acid.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu bincika ba kawai su yi amfani da a cikin masana'antu da kuma darajar, amma kuma ya samu fats da kuma sinadaran Properties cewa ne na hali na wannan aji na mahadi.

Tarihi na samu

A tsarin da aka yi karatu a cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th. Faransa sunadarai E. Chevrel mai tsanani da su da ruwa a gaban Alkali da kayayyakin samu a dauki daya daga cikin kwayoyin na m acid da glycerol. M. Berthelot da kishiyar dauki: a lokacin da tsanani da tare da cakuda glycerol da palmitic acid steorinovoy ya samu triglycerides - mai. Bisa ga wadannan gwaje-gwajen, shi aka ƙarasa da cewa karatu abubuwa kasance a cikin aji na esters. A sunadarai Properties na fats sun tabbatar da wannan ƙarshe.

Fats - esters

Kamar yadda tabbatar da gwaje-gwajen da E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglycerides ne esters na trihydric barasa glycerol kuma mafi girma monocarboxylic acid. Fat dauke da steorinovuyu ko palmitic acid ne mai ɗamfarar, misali, nama, naman alade, ɗan rago. Wannan dabba fats. Idan abun da ke ciki na triglycerides hada da unsaturated m acid - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - irin ruwa fats ake kira mai (sunflower, groundnut, linseed).

Chemical Properties na kitsen suna bambanta daga sauran esters da cewa tsarin da kwayoyin iya hada dama daban-daban carboxylic acid.

jiki Properties

Biyu na halitta da kuma roba, kamar margarine, triglycerides da na kowa siffofin. Cif daga gare su - hydrophobicity, low narkewa zafin jiki da kuma low takamaiman yawa. Sun soke kyau a cikin kwayoyin kaushi, msl, benzene, carbon tetrachloride. All fats ana iya tunawa da porous ko fibrous kayan. Kamar yadda ka'idar da sunadarai tsarin hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi M. Butlerov, jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na fats alaka. Tabbacin wannan al'amari, za a ba da ke ƙasa.

Chemical halayen triglycerides

Gwada yawa da kuma gwajin kwari abun da ke ciki na mai kwayoyin, kazalika da ta sarari sanyi tabbatar da gaskiya da na ga aji triglyceride esters. Su main sinadaran dukiya - a dauki da ruwa (hydrolysis). Yana da zuciya na faruwa a gaban catalysts - Alkali, magnesium oxides, tutiya ko alli. A gano dauki kayayyakin cakuda carboxylic acid da kuma glycerine. Tun da dauki reversible da ruwa, mai, masana'antu haifar da yanayi a karkashin wanda shi ya wuce zuwa karshen - zuwa ga samuwar glycerol kuma mafi girma monocarboxylic acid. Domin wannan dalili, da amsawa cakuda da aka ci gaba da ciyar da zuwa Alkali bayani da kuma kayayyakin da ake kai tsaye sallame su daga dauki zone. Wadannan hanyoyin hana yiwuwar aukuwar na baya tsari, da zai kai ga samuwar mai. Hydrolysis ne yadu amfani a cikin kwayoyin kira sunadarai don samar da sama abubuwa.

A dauki Alkali saponification

Mun mika binciken kwayoyin abubuwa - esters. Fats da kuma sinadaran Properties wanda aka wakilta hydrolysis dauki, kuma za a iya mayar da martani tare da Alkali. Wannan dauki ake kira saponification, kuma shi ne adawa da aiwatar da esterification. A sakamakon alkaline saponification na m acid da glycerol aka bi da tare da sodium carbonate ko sodium hydroxide. A sakamakon haka ne sabulu.

Shi ne m, yana da dabara C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa kira tattalin arziki. Idan kara cikinta colorants, glycerin, kwaskwarima fragrances, samu sabulu. Liquid sabulu, sabanin m jinsunan da aka samu idan kitsen a cikin saponification dauki ba gauraye da sodium hydroxide da kuma potassium hydroxide. Alal misali, potassium palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ Cook - ruwa potassium soaps. Albarkatun kasa domin saponification dauki ne cheap fats na dabba ko kayan lambu asalin.

Liquid fats - mai

Yana da aka hada da kwayoyin na unsaturated carboxylic acid da ciwon biyu shaidu. Kayan lambu fats aka hada a tashoshi na endoplasmic reticulum da mataki na enzymes daga glycerol kuma m acid. Kuma suka, bi da bi, an kafa a Calvin sake zagayowar halayen da faruwa a sakamakon photosynthesis. The man droplets tara a tsaba, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, a kalla a cikin vegetative sassa na shuka da kuma zama wata wadata da na gina jiki. Physicochemical Properties na fats kafa ta shuke-shuke, saboda gaban a cikin kwayoyin biyu pi shaidu. A wuri na katsewa faruwa Bugu da kari dauki, misali, hydrogen atoms. Wannan take kaiwa ga samuwar m hydrogenated triglycerides.

A sunadarai Properties na kayan lambu fats

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, triglycerides na kayan lambu asalin dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki da hakan unsaturated carboxylic acid. Mai za a iya sarrafa ta hanyar hydrogenation. Wannan tsari ne da za'ayi a karkashin dumama da kuma a gaban mai kara kuzari - particulate nickel.

A dauki samfurin - m kitsen (hydrogenated kitse). Its amfani a samar steorina, glycerol da sabulu shawara. Idan salomas ƙara sugar, gishiri, madara da kuma abinci canza launi, sa'an nan kuma samu abin da ake ci kitsen - margarine. A lokacin da ƙara a cikinta bitamin da kuma halitta da man shanu shirya ake kira haske mai - baza.

roba fats

Su ne mai rahusa fiye da na halitta, da kuma ana bambanta da su na halitta triglyceride abun da ke ciki. Daya daga cikin manyan kafofin na roba mai - shi ne na halitta da kuma hade man fetur da gas, kazalika da man fetur da kanta. Higher paraffins kunshe ne a cikin wadannan halitta ma'adanai, aka oxidized. A sakamakon haka ne roba m acid. Su hulda da ethylene glycol samar da wani roba mai. Ana amfani da a cikin fata masana'antu (ga fatliquoring na Jawo fãtunsu da boyewa). A kwaskwarima masana'antu roba triglycerides amfani a yi na bayan gida soaps, creams, lotions. A cikin kayan gini masana'antu su ne wucin gadi fats domin samar da coatings, putties, Paint.

A sunadarai Properties na fats samu ta hanyar wucin gadi wajen, ba daban-daban daga cikin halitta. Su ma zo a cikin hydrolysis dauki a gaban wani acid da hõre wani Alkali (saponification dauki).

Kamar yadda triglycerides aka samar a cikin jikin mutum

Saboda rayuwa halayen fats Kwayoyin a cikin jiki za a iya hada daga haddi carbohydrates. Wannan bayanin gaskiyar cewa uncontrolled amfani da abinci mai arziki a cikin sitaci da sucrose (gari kayayyakin, da shinkafa, da dankali, sweets), take kaiwa zuwa da wuce haddi nauyi. A kan aiwatar da narkewa kayayyakin dauke da fats a cikin duodenum cleaved zuwa glycerol kuma m acid. Su hydrolysis auku a wajabta hallara lipase - pancreatic enzymes da bile secreted da hanta. Kamar yadda abu don wanka, bile emulsifies fats, watau karya manyan kwayoyin a cikin lafiya droplets sauƙi cleavable lipase.

A villi na kananan hanji suna hada kitsen kwayoyin musamman ga jikin mutum, sa'an nan kuma suna tunawa a cikin Lymph. A Lymph tasoshin fats shigar da cell, kuma su wuce haddi da aka ajiye a cikin subcutaneous mai ko mai hatimi.

A nazarin halittu rawar da lipids

By nazarin sinadaran Properties na fats, mayar da hankali a kan su ikon asirce yawa makamashi, daya gram na mai bayar da 37,8 KJ da makamashi daga cikakken hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Saboda haka triglycerides - ta Generic kaya. Saboda haka, fats - ne m abinci. An sani cewa tare da ba daidai ba da dogon ajiya triglycerides "shekaru" da kuma rancid, nemowa wani m wari. Wannan na faruwa saboda tuntube da man fetur da na yanayi oxygen. Fara tsami da man fetur ne da sauki domin sanin idan ka ƙara kansa potassium iodide. Peroxides dauke a cikin samfurin, wannan fili da aka oxidized yantar aidin, wanda ya haddasa a blue color ga lamba tare da sitaci-dauke da abubuwa.

Fats ma suna da muhimmanci gini abu da kuma wani bangare ne na salula membranes da wasu gabbansa. Great ne rawar da suka taka a thermoregulation kwayoyin. Alal misali, dabbobi da suke zaune a manyan zurfafan inda ruwan zafin jiki ne sosai low, da da raya subcutaneous Layer na kitse, msl, Whales shi zai iya isa wani kauri daga 1.5 m. Animals steppe, bari kuma Semi-bari ma tara a jikinsa Yã isa zama adadin kitse. Wajibi ne a gare su a matsayin tushen na ciki ruwa, kamar yadda a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na mai a Bugu da kari ga samar da makamashi, a manyan adadin ruwa. Irin wannan dabbobi hada da raƙuma, jerboa, shrews.

Lipids taka muhimmiyar rawa a kare kayan ciki. Mutumin yana da kyau-ɓullo da mai hatimi kare ciki, narkewa kamar gland shine yake na ciki rauni. Irin wannan muhimmanci gabobin kamar yadda kodan, bukatar zama a cikin wata Layer na mai. Tare da kaifi nauyi asara a wani mutum koda tsallake iya faruwa saboda thinning na Layer, wanda shi ne mai tsanani Pathology, disrupts da excretory tsarin.

Darajar da lipids a cikin samuwar tantanin halitta membranes. Tare da carbohydrates da sunadarai, sun samar da biyu yadudduka da ciwon mosaic tsarin. Mahadi na fats zuwa sunadarai kira lipoproteins. Sun sa da zabe permeability na cell membranes.

Wannan labarin yayi nazari da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma kaddarorin fats, kazalika da su aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antu.