Postnonclassical kimiyya da kuma ta wurin a falsafar kimiyya

A tsakiyar karni na ashirin da zama a fassara zamanin ga kimiyya m na bil'adama. Akwai bukatar sanin ko aiki na kimiyya a cikin zaman jama'a da kuma al'adunsu, kazalika da sakamakon wanda ke haifar da ci gaba a kimiyya da kuma fasaha. Wannan ya haddasa wani reorientation na falsafar kimiyya, kazalika da gaskiyar cewa ya fara samar da irin wannan abu a matsayin post-nonclassical kimiyya. A banbanci a kan ta fitowan da falsafa da kuma akida ra'ayoyi da kuma asali ra'ayin na daban-daban na epistemological da kuma kimiyya da ayyukan, hali na post-yaki lokaci. Kuma jigo da kuma na ra'ayi na'ura na wannan musamman shugabanci da aka kafa a lokaci guda da ci gaban falsafar kimiyya, da kuma ne batu na falsafa sha'awa da kuma bincike.

A ƙarshen XIX karni na gargajiya model na kimiyya ya ɓullo da ka'idojin kawo epistemological aiki daidai da methodological manufa, wanda ke haifar a cikin standardization na wasu kimiyya da ilmi ba, kazalika da bayyanar model a ilmin lissafi dabaru, wanda a yarda don bayyana tsarin fasali na kimiyya da ilmi ba. A lokaci guda ya juya daga cewa ci gaban wannan ilmi ne alaka da rikicin, da kuma cewa da'awar da na gargajiya kimiyya to gano da cikakkar ilimi, ba ya la'akari da kasancewar abin da ake kira na ra'ayin wani ilmi daban-daban na rationality kuma tsauri tafiyar matakai. Haka abin ya fara mataki, wanda ya fara sa an dace suna: post-gargajiya kimiyya.

Duk da haka, ƙoƙarin yi wani hadade kimiyya ci gaba a kan tushen da harshen kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi. A karshen shekarun 1960s, wadannan normativist ma'ana-ilmin lissafi cigaban shirin sa mai girma jin cizon yatsa cewa shakka a cikin al'umma da cewa shi ne a duk yiwu wani rationing epistemological tsari. Wannan ya taimaka da postnonclassical falsafa, kamar post-structuralism da postpositivism, da suka sa a gaba da ra'ayin cewa hanya na positivism ya kamata a maye gurbinsu da kima na methodological Concepts, sukar juna da haka gabatowa da gaskiya. Daga cikin wadannan theories iya kira da ka'idar gurbata Karla Poppera, manufar kimiyya juyin Kuhn, hanya na kimiyya da bincike shirye-shirye Lakatos, da ra'ayin tacit ilmi Polanyi, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Postnonclassical kimiyya yana da halaye. Da farko, shi ne halin da aka ambata a riga da ra'ayin akan dangantakar ilimi daga cikin dokoki a fannin kimiyya da kuma related ayyuka. Bugu da kari, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kimiyya model rarraba zargi da ake kira kimiyya ra'ayi, wanda ƙoƙarin rage duk data kasance ilmi tushe ga wasu da jinsunan. A epistemology da kuma hanya ta tabbatar da cewa a daya kuma lokaci guda iya rayuwa tare daban-daban gasar theories da kuma "duniya view" kazalika da kishi na daban-daban shirye-shirye. A wannan yanayin, da girmamawa a kan bambancin da ke tsakanin daban-daban theories da su kungiyoyin, har ma da wadanda suke iri dabam dabam, ciki har da gasar, Bugu da kari, zargi da sauransu. A lokaci guda, babban jigo ne da bukatar samun tare da abokan gaba da kuma abokan adawar da kuma tsara rikice-rikice a cikin wani m hanya, ta hanyar yarjejeniya - ba wai kawai a gudanar da bincike amma kuma a cikin zaman jama'a yanayi.

Daya daga cikin key Concepts, wanda aiki postnonclassical kimiyya ne yayi. Yana nufin da mutuncin addinan, dabi'u da kuma wajen soma da kimiyya al'umma da kuma tabbatar da cin gaba da wani hadisin. Za mu iya cewa wani yayi ne a sabon abu da ya zo da tare waɗanda ake ranked a cikin kimiyya al'umma. Yana kuma kira da kewayon matsaloli da suka magance. Lokacin da yayi an canza, akwai wani kimiyya da juyin juya halin da kuma cikakken ko m hira da duniya hoto, wanda ya siffanta wata kimiyya, ko da yake shi ne shibtarsu ba kawai ma'ana, amma axiological sharudda.

Postnonclassical kimiyya ne kuma halin da wurin hada hannu a. Wannan shi ne zantawar} ungiyoyin kewayon daban-daban nazarin cewa suna neman janar ka'idojin ga jiki, sinadaran, nazarin halittu, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da kuma sauran tsarin da su kai-ƙungiya. Domin samu hada hannu a ma yakan haifar da manufar hargitsi a matsayin rikitacciyar domin, wanda shi ne ko da yaushe yiwuwar shirye su bayyana kanta a cikin wani iri-iri na ba da umarnin Tsarin. Yana nufin bada sama da hoto na duniya, wanda aka gina, kamar tubalin na firamare barbashi, a cikin ni'imar da zaman lafiya a matsayin sa na tafiyar matakai.