Ilimi System waje: Tarihi

A cikin tarihi na makarantar sakandire a Yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka akwai da yawa lokaci na amfani ga zamani Rasha ilimi.

tsarin ilimin da ke yammacin Turai da kuma Amurka da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar iko samu a cikin halitta kimiyya a nuna na XIX - XX ƙarni, ciki har da a yaro tunani. A wannan lokaci, ya samu farkon Reform pedagogy, da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyin da suke dacewa da kuma a bukatar wadannan kwanaki.

Italian likita Maria Montessori koyarwar ya miƙa dabara "dangane da yaro." Yaren mutanen Sweden marubuci E.Key tushen hanyoyin da na halitta sakamakon - halittar darussan ga ci gaban da yaro ta halitta sojojin. American malama Dzhon Dyui shi ne ya kafa na hanyar da pedagogy na ayyukan mayar da hankali a kan m rayuwa basira.

A wannan lokacin, rayayye ci gaba sabon model na makaranta, "makaranta mataki" Agusta Wilhelm Lai a Jamus, da "School of rayuwa ta hanyar rayuwar" O.Dekroli a Faransa. Kunno kai na duniya ilimi kungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi da cewa shelar 'yanci, prirodosoobraznosti ilimi da horo. A farko wuri - da ilimi bukatun dalibai, wanda aka kera da mutum, to ta da aiki.

A gargajiya aji-aiki tsarin da aka soki saboda tsananin tsari na ilmantarwa tsari da kuma gazawar a cikin yaro ta ayyuka.

"Reform" pedagogy ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani bita na gargajiya ilimi a Turai da Amurka. A 40-60 shekaru na XX karni fara gwaji makaranta sake fasalin harkokin ilmi. A zuciya na rikirkida ya fara a matsayin wani kokarin koyo himma, mai zaman kanta, m mutane suka sami damar aiki a matakin ci-gaba da fasaha. Wani shugabanci na garambawul - halittar multivariate janar ilimi.

A gyara daga American ilimi a shekarar 1961 ya gabatar da manufa na m "Biyar sansanonin": harshen Turanci da kuma adabi, lissafi, kimiyyar yanayin halitta, kimiyyar zamantakewa, kwamfuta aikin injiniya. Sauran batutuwa - zaɓe na Darussan, na wanda akwai game da dubu.

A tsarin ilimi a Jamus, ma, ya zama "asali abubuwa da zaɓe na darussa", da kuma gabatar da wani sabon profile - fasaha, aikin gona, fasaha da kuma fasaha, m, kuma utilities.

A Ingila, irin canje sun damu jama'a makarantu. A tsarin ilimin look kamar wannan: 50% na makaranta lokacin da aka kishin harshen Turanci da kuma adabi, lissafi, addini, ilimin motsa jiki. 50% - fakitoci wajibi zaɓe na batutuwa - al'adu, kimiyyar yanayin halitta, lissafi.

A tsarin a Amurka ilimin aka sauya a cikin shugabanci na aiki tare da hazaka yara a matakin jama'a shirye-shirye. "Supersady" ya bayyana a gare hazaka yara har zuwa shekaru biyar. A makarantu da aka zaba talented yara (babban rarrabẽwa - ikon tunani a waje da akwatin) da aka gwada. Game 35 dubu hazaka dalibai sama exemptions ga kudin shiga ga mafi jami'o'i a kasar. Don shirya nan gaba makaranta da aka halitta gwamnatin shirin "Fara" da "Sesame" a cikin abin da suka shirya makarantan nasare azuzuwan na yara, da kuma akwai 130 ilimi TV shirye-shirye domin preschoolers.

A 60-80 shekaru na XX karni, da waje tsarin ilimi ƙwarai rinjayi gwaji makarantu da gwada sabon hanyoyin koyarwa.

"Open School" shi ne wani ilimi ma'aikata cikakken lokaci: a farkon rabin - cikin darussan da na biyu da rabi - kungiyar darussa (gidan wasan kwaikwayo, tafiye-tafiye, da jawo, tafiya).

"School ba tare da ganuwar" taimaka a wani ƙarin kudin don rage aji masu girma dabam da kuma inganta sha'awa a cikin tsarin ilmantarwa. A binciken da na asali tarbiyya faruwa a makarantu, da kuma zaɓe na darussa da aka gudanar a masana'antu shuke-shuke, ofisoshi, da dai sauransu.

"Alternative School" a Amurka aiki a matsayin wani contrasting aji-darasi tsarin - kowane dalibi wani mutum shirin horo. aikin yi a cibiyoyin bincike, dakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi. hannu na iyaye a cikin horo tsari.

Babu shakka cewa tsarin ilimi a kasashen waje sun samo asali a cikin wani bil'adama fuskantarwa, da mayar da hankali a kan sirri ci gaba da yara, kazalika ana yadu gabatar na musamman ilimi da specialization.